INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

BEYOND THE COLONIAL SHADOW: SEDITION LAWS AND THE RIGHT TO DISSENT BY - INDRAKSHI SAHA

Authors: INDRAKSHI SAHA

Registration ID: 108676 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8676

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: indrakshisaha2612@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-46451184/BEYOND THE COLONIAL SHADOW: SEDITION LAWS AND THE

SIGNIFICANCE OF IP CLAUSES IN A FASHION AGREEMENT: AN ANALYSIS BY - DEEKSHA KATHAYAT

Authors: DEEKSHA KATHAYAT

Registration ID: 108675 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8675

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: deekshasinghkathayat@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-42348391/SIGNIFICANCE OF IP CLAUSES IN A FASHION AGREEMENT:

INFORMATION ACCESS THROUGH RTI ACT, 2005; A TOOL TO ENHANCE CIVIC EMPOWERMENT AND ENGAGEMENT BY - ANU RAPHY

Authors: ANU RAPHY

Registration ID: 108674 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8674

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: anu.raphy@law.christuniversity.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-66214982/INFORMATION ACCESS THROUGH RTI ACT, 2005; A TOOL T

Decriminalization Of Minor Offences BY - SHREYA S, GOWSHIHA A & SHRAYASHTA MD

Authors: SHREYA S, GOWSHIHA A & SHRAYASHTA MD

Registration ID: 108671 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8671, IJLRA8672 & IJLRA8673

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 128087044@sastra.ac.in, 128118008@sastra.ac.in & 128087059@sastra.ac.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-43325373/DECREMINALISTION OF MINOR OFFENCES

TAX EVASION AND THE GENERATION OF BLACK MONEY IN INDIAN ECONOMY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS BY - ASHISH PATHAK

Authors: ASHISH PATHAK

Registration ID: 108669 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8669

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: ashishpathak025@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-21263966/TAX EVASION AND THE GENERATION OF BLACK MONEY IN I

REGULATING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW A CRITICAL ANALAYSIS WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENT BY - JASLEEN KAUR BAHRI , SHREEYA BISWAS & MOHD YASIR KHAN

Authors: JASLEEN KAUR BAHRI , SHREEYA BISWAS & MOHD YASIR KHAN

Registration ID: 108667 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8667, IJLRA8668 & IJLRA8670

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: jasleenkaur.bahri@calaw.in & shreeya.biswas@calaw.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-28316668/REGULATING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENV

ABORTION AS LEGAL RIGHT IN INDIA BY – DAKSHBIR & ADITYA KAUSHIK

Authors: DAKSHBIR & ADITYA KAUSHIK

Registration ID: 108665 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8665 & IJLRA8666

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: Dakshrawal945@gmail.com & adityakaushik1000@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-95783662/ABORTION AS LEGAL RIGHT IN INDIA

CASE ANALYSIS ON: SUPREME COURT ADVOCATES ON RECORD V. UNION OF INDIA BY: ANANYA SACHDEVA & CHARU MEDHA S.K.

Authors: ANANYA SACHDEVA & CHARU MEDHA S.K.

Registration ID: 108663 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8663 & IJLRA8664

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: 23010323010@student.slsh.edu.in & 23010323027@student.slsh.edu.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-61666144/CASE ANALYSIS ON: SUPREME COURT ADVOCATES ON RECOR

“INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN INDIA AND NEW ZEALAND” BY - SHRISHTI VERMA

Authors: SHRISHTI VERMA

Registration ID: 108662 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8662

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: shrishtivermalegal@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-36655939/“INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYS

PROTECTION OF LGBTQ AND REFUGEES: ADDRESSING PERSECUTION BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY IN INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW BY - SAMRIDHI MITTAL

Authors: SAMRIDHI MITTAL

Registration ID: 108661 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8661

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: samridhimittal0417@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-68451765/PROTECTION OF LGBTQ AND REFUGEES: ADDRESSING PERSE

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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^{^[1]}First year student at RTMNU’s Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Law, Nagpur, Maharashtra., (2024-2025)

^{^[2]}^{Doris Mary Stenton, Magna Carta, ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Magna-Carta}

^{^[3]}^{Richard Kraut, The Athenian Ideal of Free Speech, ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551948/Socrates/233637/TheAthenian-ideal-of-free-speech}

^{^[4]}^{Josiah Ober, Kurt Raaflaub, and Robert Wallace, ORIGINS OF DEMOCRACY IN ANCIENT GREECE (2007).}

^{^[5]}^{The Trial of the Colonial Legal Order: The Tilak Trial 1908 and the Colonial Fiat (https://ijlmh.com/paper/the-trial-of-the-colonial-legal-order-the-tilak-trial-1908-and-the-colonial-fiat/)}

^{^[6]} The trio of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal. Refer to https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/the-spirit-of-lal-bal-pal-in-indian-history/

^{^[7]}^{Arvind Ganachari, Evolution of the Law of “Sedition” in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle in Nationalism And Social Reform In A Colonial Situation 54 (2005)}

^{^[8]}^{Walter Russel Donogh, A treatise on the law of sedition and cognate offences in British India,}

^{available at http://archive.org/stream/onlawofsedition00dono#page/n23/mode/2up}

^{^[9]}^{3 R. Dhavan, Only The Good News: On the Law Of the Press in India 285-87 (1987)}

^{^[10]}^{These sections dealt with “waging war against the government” and “abetting to wage a war” t http://archive.org/stream/policecrimeinind00coxerich#page/86/mode/2up}

^{^[11]}^{The Wahabis have been described as an extensive network of rebels who principally participated in the First War of Indian Independence in 1857. They followed a well-organised model of mass preaching, mostly concentrating on political and religious issues to win the support of the people (Refer to Narahari Kaviraj.)}

^{^[12]}^{“Whosoever, by words, either spoken or intended to be read or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise excite or attempts to excite feelings of disaffection to the Government established by Law in British India, shall be punishable with transportation of life … to three years to which fine may be added.” - IPC/1898/Sec- 121A}

^{^[13]}^{Refer to : https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/11-12/12}

^{^[14]} Dramatic performances act 1876 which had the power to prohibit certain dramatic performances; The Provincial Government may prohibit any public performance if it deems it scandalous, defamatory, likely to incite disaffection towards the government, or likely to corrupt the audience. (Refer to : https://www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia-journal/DOCUMENTS%20-DEC%202013/Document_1_The_Dramatic_Performances_Control_Act_1876.pdf )

^{^[15]} The Vernacular Press Act (1878) curtailed Indian-language press freedom in British India, aiming to prevent criticism of British policies, especially during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Repealed in 1881, it fueled India's independence movement.

(Refer to : https://latestlaws.com/bare-acts/central-acts-rules/media-laws/vernacular-press-act1878 )

^{^[16]}^{Eric Barendt, Interests in Freedom of Speech: Theory and Practice in Legal Explorations: Essays in Honour of Professor Michael Chesterman 175 (Kam Fan Sin, 2003)}

^{^[17]}^{The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Schedule I.}

^{^[18]} Refer to the original case file: https://indianhistorycollective.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ILR189822BOM112.pdf

^{^[19]} Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar, 1962 AIR 955

^{^[20]} Vinod Dua v. Union of India 2021 SCC OnLine SC 414

^{^[21]} S.G. Vombatkere vs. Union of India (2022) 7 SCC 433 ;11 May 2022; Writ Petition(C) No. 682 of 2021

^{^[22]} Refer to judgement https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1537928/

^{^[23]} FIR Against Journalist Vinod Dua in Himachal, Summoned For Questioning in Shimla (Refer: https://www.news18.com/news/india/fir-against-journalist-vinod-dua-in-himachal-summoned-for-questioning-in-shimla-2667153.html)

^{^[25]} The Vinod Dua show episode 255 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjjFD_tgvv8

^{^[26]} Case analysis: Vinod Dua vs Union Of India on 3 June, 2021 (Writ petition) Refer to : https://blog.ipleaders.in/case-analysis-vinod-dua-vs-union-of-india-on-3-june-2021-writ-petition/

^{^[27]} Shuvro Prokash Lahiri, Case Comment on the Supreme Court Of India Judgment: Vinod Dua Versus Union Of India & Others,volume 2 issue1,6-7 (2021).

^{^[28]} Disha A. Ravi vs State (Nct Of Delhi) & Ors.; Delhi High Court; AIRONLINE 2021 DEL 159 (2021)

^{^[29]} The toolkit was tweeted by Swedish environment activist Greta Thunberg on February 3, 2021. Refer to : https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/disha-ravi-case-what-is-a-toolkit-that-has-brought-activists-under-the-lens-1769523-2021-02-15

^{^[30]} Refer to judgement https://indiankanoon.org/doc/108912186/?type=print

^{^[31]} Kanhaiya Kumar was the then President of JNUSU (JNU Student’s Union) while Umar Khalid and Anirban Bhattacharyya- (https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/my-phd-student-umar-khalid-anirban-bhattacharya-jnu-jnu-row/) were the former members of Democratic Students Union (DSU)

^{^[32]} During the "fracas" that ensued, a small group of people consisting of the people convicted, raised slogans that were generally described as "anti-India" slogans. They included phrases like "Kashmir ki azadi tak jung chalegi, Bharat ki barbadi tak jung chalegi" ("War will continue till Kashmir's freedom, war will continue till India's demolition") to protest execution of Afzal Guru and Maqbool Bhat and in the support of "the struggle of Kashmiri people for their democratic right to self-determination".

^{^[33]} Student Describes What Actually Happened At The Jawaharlal Nehru University On Feb 9 Refer to https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/student-describes-what-actually-happened-at-the-jawaharlal-nehru_n_9233910

^{^[34]} While people like Gulzar supported the protests by JNU students, Refer to I feel both me and my country are safe: Gulzar supports JNU students' voice of dissent

There were people like Prof Mohandas Pai who were extremely critical Refer to:Dear JNU Students, We Fund Your Studies, Not Your Politics

^{^[35]} JNU students’ protests get support from universities across India Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jnu-students-protests-get-support-from-universities-across-india/story-ZyAPUXcr3H7wzgMmhyxWsK.html

^{^[36]} S.G. Vombatkere vs. Union of India (2022) 7 SCC 433 Writ Petition(C) No. 682 of 2021

^{^[37]} The Chief Minister was referred to as a “puppet of Hindutva” in a video that Mr. Wangkhemcha, a journalist based in Manipur and anchor for local news channel ISTV, posted on social media. Mr. Wangkhemcha was arrested for his criticism of the Manipur government and its relationship with the current NDA government.

^{^[38]} Kanhaiya Lal Shukla, a journalist from Chattisgarh, took part in an alternative type of political commentary by publishing cartoons on social media that parodied the phoney encounters that the Gujarat police are said to have staged between 2002 and 2006.

^{^[39]} “All pending trials, appeals and proceedings with respect to the charge framed under Section 124-A IPC be kept in abeyance. Adjudication with respect to other sections, if any, could proceed if the courts are of the opinion that no prejudice would be caused to the accused.”-

^{^[40]} Whoever by any act, or by any illegal omission, conceals the existence of a design to wage war against the Government of India, intending by such concealment to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that such concealment will facilitate, the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

^{^[41]}^{BNSS refers to clauses 150, 195, 297 as ‘seditious matter’ even though the word sedition doesn’t appear directly.}

^{^[42]}^{Kainat Sarfaraz, JNU row: What is the outrage all about, , HINDUSTAN TIMES (2019), available at:}

^{https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jnu-row-what-is-the-outrage-all-about/story-3OglXKhzB3RCFsEgjIOlZP.html}

^{^[43]}^{After 110 Days in Jail for Saying “Pakistan Zindabad,” 19-Year-Old Activist Gets “Default Bail,” , THE WIRE, available at: https://thewire.in/rights/amulya-leona-bail-bengaluru}

^{^[44]}^{Refer : https://devgan.in/ipc/chapter_06.php and 42.}

^{^[45]}^{Bombay High Court, Emperor vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak on 22 July, 1908 (Refer : https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1430706/ )}

^{^[46]}^{Delhi High Court, Umar Khalid vs State Of National Capital Territory Of Delhi on 18 October, 2022}

^{^[47]}^{Delhi High Court, Sharjeel Imam vs State Of Nct Of Delhi on 10 July, 2020}

^{^[48]}^{Delhi High Court, Mr. Kanhaiya Kumar vs Union Of India & Ors on 20 May, 2024}

^{^[49]}^{Karnataka High Court, Amulya Leona vs State Of Karnataka on 22 May, 2020}

^{^[50]}^{The legal quorum: S.G. VOMBATKERE VS. UNION OF INDIA by Nandini K.T}

^{^[51]}^{124(A)- [ Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the Government established by law in India, a shall be punished with imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine.]}

^{^[52]}^{Supreme Court of India : In Re:Arundhati Roy.... Contemner vs --- on 6 March, 2002}

^{^[53]}^{Bombay High Court: Sanskar Marathe vs The State Of Maharashtra And Anr on 17 March, 2015}

^{^[54]}^{The Chief Minister was referred to as a “puppet of Hindutva” in a video that Mr. Wangkhemcha, a journalist based in Manipur and anchor for local news channel ISTV, posted on social media.He was arrested in August 2021 under the grounds of sedition}

^{^[55]}^{Kanhaiya Lal Shukla, a journalist from Chattisgarh, took part in an alternative type of political commentary by publishing cartoons on social media that parodied the phoney encounters that the Gujarat police are said to have staged between 2002 and 2006. He was arrested in April 2021.}

^{^[56]}^{DIrection (d) - “All pending trials, appeals and proceedings with respect to the charge framed under Section 124-A IPC be kept in abeyance. Adjudication with respect to other sections, if any, could proceed if the courts are of the opinion that no prejudice would be caused to the accused.”}

^{^[57]}^{Sedition Law in India: A Critical study by Umesh Kumar and Dr, MP Verma}

^{^[58]}^{Whoever wages war against the Government of India, or attempts to wage such war, or abets the waging of such war, shall be punished with death, or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[59]}^{Whoever within or without and beyond India conspires to commit any of the offences punishable by section 147, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Central Government or any State Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[60]}^{Whoever collects men, arms or ammunition or otherwise prepares to wage war with the intention of either waging or being prepared to wage war against the Government of India, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[61]}^{Whoever by any act, or by any illegal omission, conceals the existence of a design to wage war against the Government of India, intending by such concealment to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that such concealment will facilitate, the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[62]}^{Whoever, with the intention of inducing or compelling the President of India, or Governor of any State, to exercise or refrain from exercising in any manner any of the lawful powers of such President or Governor, assaults or wrongfully restrains, or attempts wrongfully to restrain, or overawes, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, or attempts so to overawe, such President or Governor, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[63]}^{Whoever, purposely or knowingly, by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or by electronic communication or by use of financial mean, or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite, secession or armed rebellion or subversive activities, or encourages feelings of separatist activities or endangers sovereignty or unity and integrity of India; or indulges in or commits any such act shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{Explanation.—Comments expressing disapprobation of the measures, or administrative or other action of the Government with a view to obtain their alteration by lawful means without exciting or attempting to excite the activities referred to in this section do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{^[64]}^{Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the Government established by law in India, a shall be punished with imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine.}

^{Explanations: 1.The expression “disaffection” includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.Comments expressing disapprobation of the measures of the Government with a view to obtain their alteration by lawful means, without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{2.Comments expressing disapprobation of the administrative or other action of the Government without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{3.Comments expressing disapprobation of the administrative or other action of the Government without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{^[65]} All citizens shall have the right-to freedom of speech and expression;

^{^[66]} The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

^{^[67]}^{A Decade of Darkness : The story of sedition in India.(Refer : https://sedition.article-14.com/)}

^{^[68]}^{Supreme Court - Daily Orders}

^{S.G. Vombatkere vs Union Of India on 11 May, 2022}

^{^[70]} Surya Kanta Mishra’s recorded speech on State Repression and Freedom of Expression

^{^[71]} A. G. Noorani, How a Supreme Court judgement brought back the sedition law in India
Refer: https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/sedition-in-freedom-struggle/article35786523.ece

^{^[72]} REFORMING THE LAW OF SEDITION, (New Zealand & New Zealand eds., 2007)

^{^[73]} Refer to : The road to Sedition : https://medium.com/westside-stories/the-road-to-sedition-e0b0f18ed4c7

^{^[74]} Sedition in England: The Abolition of a Law From a Bygone Era | In Custodia Legis: Law

Librarians of Congress, https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/10/sedition-in-england-the-abolition-ofa-law-from-a-bygone-era/

^{^[75]} Schenck v. United States, OYEZ, https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/249us47

^{^[76]}Prabhat Singh, A quick history of sedition law and why it can’t apply to JNU’s Kanhaiya Kumar,

NEWSLAUNDRY (Feb 16, 2016) https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/02/16/a-quickhistory-of-sedition-law-and-why-it-cant-apply-to-jnus-kanhaiya-kumar

^{^[77]} Richard C. Paddock, Malaysia to Repeal Death Penalty and Sedition Law, THE NEW YORK TIMES,

(October 11, 2018) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/world/asia/malaysiadeath-penalty-repeal.html

^{^[78]} Indonesia: Bold Court Decision Good for Free Expression, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (2007),

https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/07/19/indonesia-bold-court-decision-good-freeexpression

^{^[79]} Roy Jordan, In Good Faith: Sedition Law in Australia, Parliament of Australia, Parliament of

Australia (Aug. 23, 2010) available at:

https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Libr

ary/Publications_Archive/archive/sedition.

^{^[80]} Times News Network, Facebook “like” case: No evidence of sedition, govt tells HC,

January 30, 2013, available at http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-30/kochi/36635179_1_national-flag-facebook-post-sedition

^{^[81]}The Indian Express, Sedition charge against Digvijay over remark against Ramdev, June 6,

2011, available at http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sedition-charge-against-digvijay-overremark-against-ramdev/799912

^{^[82]} NDTV, Outrage over Sedition Charges against Students who cheered Pakistan, March 6,

2014, available at http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/outrage-over-sedition-charges-againststudents-who-cheered-pakistan-492250

^{^[83]} 5 India Today, Kashmir University lecturer released, January 2, 2011, available at http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kashmir-university-lecturer-released/1/125303.html

^{^[84]} Press Trust of India, Sedition case registered against Arundhati Roy, Geelani, November 29,

2010, available at http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sedition-case-registered-against-arundhati-roy-geelani-69431

^{^[1]} UNITED NATIONS AND THE RULE OF LAW, https://www.un.org (last visited Sep.4,2024).

^{^[2]} RTI KNOWLEDGE PORTAL, https://rti.img.kerala.gov.in (last visited Sep 4,2024)

^{^[3]} Gaddela Srikanth, Unlocking the access: Examining the right to Information legislations of India and Bangaldesh, Third Concept,14,15-17 (2024)

^{^[4]} OP Kejriwal, Right to Information Act; Loopholes and Road ahead, 41, Money, banking and Finance, EPW, 940, 940-941, (2006)

^{^[5]} A Archana, Analysing openness: An in depth evaluation of the right to Information Act and its impacts on effective governance in India, 41 Juni Khyat, 29, 30 -37, (2024)

^{^[6]} Nilotpal Bhattacharjee,Newspaper Coverage and awareness of Right to information Act : A case study in Assam, 22 SIJSS,198, 199-211, (2024)

^{^[8]} Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597

^{^[9]} SP Gupta v. President of India & Ors, AIR 1982 SC 149

^{^[10]} Secretary, Ministry of Information and broadcasting,Government of India and Others v. Cricket Association of Bengal and Others,1995 AIR 1236

^{^[11]} Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd v. Proprietors of Indian Express Newspapers, Bombay Pvt Ltd and Others, 1989 AIR 190

^{^[12]} Right to Information Act, 2005, S.3, No.22, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India)

^{^[15]} SATARK NAGARIK SANGATHAN, https://www.snsindia.org, last visited Sept 6, 2024

^{^[16]} Michael Riegner, Access to Information as a Human Right and Constitutional Guarantee. A Comparative Perspective,50, LPAALA,332, 332-366 (2017)

^{^[17]} Pankaj KP Shreyaskar, Investigating compliance of RTI Act, 48 EPW,19,19-22, (2013)

^{^[18]} Anshu Jain, Good Governance and Right to Information: A perspective, 54 JILI 506, 506-519, (2012)

^{^[19]} Kishan Chand v. Union of India, AIR1976 DEL 265

^{^[20]} State of Uttar Pradesh V. Raj Narain,1975 AIR 865

^{^[21]} SP Gupta v. President of India and Ors, AIR 1982 SC 149

^{^[22]} Sahina Mumtaz Laskar, Importance of Right to Information for Good Governance in India, BLR (2016)

^{^[23]} WHAT IS GOOD GOVERNANCE?, https://unescap.org. Last visited Sept 08,2024

^{^[24]} WORLD SUMMIT ON INFORMATION SOCIETY,https://www.itu.int/, last visited Sept 08,.2024

^{^[26]} Mahua Sengupta, Awareness of Right to Education Act, 2009 among the Tribal parents, A study on dakshin Dinajpur District, 9 RRIJM, (2024)

^{^[27]} REPORT CARD ON INFORMATION COMMISSIONS OF INDIA, https://snsindia.org Last visited Sep 08,2024

^{^[28]}Sakiri Vasu v. State of Uttarpradesh and Ors.( 2008)2 SCC 409

^{^[29]} Nilotpal Bhattacharjee, Newspaper coverage and awareness of Right to Information Act: A case study in Assam, 22 SJSS 3, 3-14, (2024)

^{^[30]} PM CARES FUND: AN AMBUSH ON THE RTI ACT, https://lawctopus.com Last visited on Sep 05, 2024

^{^[31]} N Sai Vinod,Attempts to Erode RTI Mechanism, 49 EPW 30, 30-32, (2014)

^{^[32]}Reserve bank of India v. General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd ,1987 AIR 1023

[1] P. Rathinam v. Union of India on 26 April 1994

[2] Kachrulal Bhagirath Agrawal & Ors vs State of Maharashtra & Ors on 22 September, 2004

[3] Directorate General of C.Ex. Intelligence vs State

[1] WWW. CONSTITUTIONOFINDIA.NET (Last visited May. 2, 2024) Read - Constitution of India

[3] Income Tax Act, 1961, S. 4, Acts of Parliament (India)

[4] “GST officials detect 14,597 tax evasion cases in Apr-Dec: Govt informs LS” 2024, Business Standard, February.

[5] “Top 10 biggest Income Tax raid in India” 2024 Clear Tax, May 20, Biggest Income Tax Raid in India | Top 10 Biggest Income Tax Raid in India (cleartax.in)

[6] A Tax haven country has zero or very less tax rates and it does not share the information of the depositor with other nations.

[7] 73^rd Report, Standing Committee on Finance (2018-2019). https://taxguru.in/income-tax/status-unaccounted-income-wealth-country-critical-analysis.html. (24^th June 2019)

[8] Richard Mahapatra, Tax avoided by corporate groups can eradicate global poverty, Down To Earth, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/economy/tax-avoided-by-corporate-groups-can-eradicate-global-poverty-66243, August 20, 2018

[9] Virendra Singh Ghunavat, Munish Chandra Pandey, Mastermind of Nirav Modi- PNB scam reveals how he helped carry out fraud transactions, 2022, India Today news, Apr. 11, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rs-11-400-crore-pnb-fraud-ed-may-attach-properties-of-nirav-modi-mehul-choksi-cbi-seals-brady-house-branch-1172622-2018-02-19.

[11] https://www.rauias.com/daily-current-affairs-for-upsc-ias/double-tax-avoidance-agreement-cairn-energy-upsc/

[12] Mittal D.P. 2014, Indian Double Taxation Agreements and Tax Laws, 104, (Taxman’s Publications 2014)

[13] Ibid

[14] A Resident refers to a person who as per the relevant laws of the Contracting States, i.e. India and the US are liable to pay tax by reason of domicile, residence, citizenship, place of management, place of incorporation, etc.

[15] Sukanta Sarkar, The Parallel Economy in India: Causes Impact and Government Initiative, Economic Journal of Development Issues, 124, 124-125.

[16] No official estimate of black money I foreign accounts in last 5 years: Govt. in Parliament, Times of India News, April 7, 2022, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/no-official-estimation-of-black-money-in-foreign-accounts-in-last-5-years-govt-in-parliament/articleshow/88279663.cms

[17]Indians’ funds in Swiss banks climb to Rs. 20,700 crores, highest in 13 years, India Today news, April 12, 2022, https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/indian-black-money-swiss-bank-accounts-latest-estimate-1816211-2021-06-17

[18] Dr. Pradip Kumar Das, The Menace of Black Money in India, Archives of Business Research 7, 77-87

[1] Author

[2] Co- Author

[3] Co- Author 2

[4] Wilkinson, D., “Environment and Law” (London: Routledge, 2002), 100.

[5] (1938/1941) 3 R.I.A.A. 1905.

[6] See also the Corfu Channel Case (UK v. Albania (1949) ICJ Rep. 4.

[7] See principle 2 of the Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development, 1992 containing same principle.

[8] Ibid.

[9] Ibid.

[10] [1991] SDNY 668.

[11] Kramer, L., “E. C Treaty and Environmental Law” (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995), 53.

[12] Supra 3, 245.

[13] Thornton, J., and Bekwith, S., “Environmental Law” (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1997), 38.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Nichols v. Natural parks & Wildlife Service [1994]5 Env. 1 ; Per Talbot J.

[16] Supra 23.

[17] Supra 1, 121.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Burge, H.C., “The principles of Polluter pays in economic Law”, in Law and Economics, ed. Eide, E. and Van der Bergh, R. (Oslo: Juridisk Forlag, 1996), 16.

[20] Supra 3, 247.

[21] Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, 1987 (The Brundtland Report.).

[22] McGoldrick, D., “Sustainable Development and Human Right: An integrated conception” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45 (1996) 796-818, available at: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/760584> (accessed: October 21, 2017).

[23] Supra 22, 41.

[24] Hayward, Steven, “Sustainability and Non-Renewable Resources”, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, available at: <https://www.mackinac.org/2843> (accessed: October 22, 2017).

^{^[1]} Supreme Court Advocates- on Record Association and Anr v Union of India (2016) 5 SCC 1.

^{^[4]} S. P. Gupta v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 149.

^{^[7]} Supreme Court advocates on record association v. Union of India, (1993), AIR 1993 4 SCC 441.

^{^[12]} Khandelwal, A. (2022). Independence of Judiciary. Part 1 Indian J. Integrated Rsch. L., 2, 1.

^{^[13]} Chandra, P., & Garg, A. (2021). Judicial Accountability and Transparency in India: Flaws and Road Ahead. GLS Law Journal, 3(2), 79-86.

^{^[14]} Patnaik, J. A. (2015). A Critique of the NJAC Judgement. Journal of National Law University Delhi, 3(1), 17-24.

^{^[15]} Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Ass'n v. Union of India, (2016) 5 S.C.C. 1.

^{^[16]} Priyanshu. (2022). Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association & Anr vs Union of India. Jus Corpus LJ, 3,

^{^[17]} Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Ors v. State of Kerala and Anr. , (1973), AIR 1973 SCC (4) 225.

^{^[18]} Hsu, B. F. (2004). Judicial independence under the Basic Law. Hong Kong LJ, 34, 279.

^{^[19]} Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, (1975), AIR 1975 Supp SCC 1.

^{^[20]} Rakove, J. N. (2006). The Original Justifications for Judicial Independence. Geo. LJ, 95, 1061.

^{^[21]} Pasquino, P. (2003). Prolegomena to a theory of judicial power: the concept of judicial independence in theory and history. Law & Prac. Int'l Cts. & Tribunals, 2, 11.

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^{^[25]} Bhatnagar, V. (2021). Revisiting the Collegium System. Jus Corpus LJ, 2, 139.

^{^[26]} Ashok Kumar Yadav v. State of Haryana, (1985), AIR 1985 4 SCC 417.

^{^[27]} Singh, V. (2016). Collegium system vis-à-vis national judicial appointments commission: a critical appraisal. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 6(1), 348-354.

^{^[28]} Ashok Reddy v. Govt. In Architects & Engineers (P) Ltd v. State of India, (1994), AIR 1994 2 SCC 303.

^{^[29]} Ananda, D. (2023). Judges Appointments: Collegium System versus National Judicial Appointments Commission. GNLU JL Dev. & Pol., 13, 53.

^{^[30]} Ram Jawaya Kapur v. State of Punjab, AIR 1955 SC 549.

^{^[31]} Chaudhuri, T. (2007). Relations of Judiciary and Executive in India. Available at SSRN 1672222.

^{^[32]} Gupta, N. (2019). Role of Fundamental Rights in Balancing Powers between the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human., 2, 116.

^{^[33]} Bzad, R. (2021). A Deep Concern of Executive Aggrandizement: A Comparative Study of Separation of Powers in India and the USA. Issue 4 Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human., 4, 2564.

^{^[34]} Gilchrist, R. N. (1923). The Separation of Executive and Judicial Functions: A Study in the Evolution of the Indian Magistracy. University of Calcutta.

^{^[35]} La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Pop-Eleches, C., & Shleifer, A. (2004). Judicial checks and balances. Journal of Political Economy, 112(2), 445-470.

^{^[36]} L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 261.

^{^[37]} Calabresi, S. G., & Owens, J. (2014). The Origins of Judicial Review. Northwestern Public Law Research Paper, (14-05), 14-01.

^{^[38]} Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab, (1974), 2 SCC 831.

^{^[39]} Dargar, A. (2024). Doctrine of Judicial Review: A tool to examine the constitutional validity of Legislative, Executive and Judicial actions. Executive and Judicial Actions (April 2, 2024).

^{^[40]} Sengupta, A. (Ed.). (2017). Appointment of judges to the Supreme Court of India: Transparency, accountability, and independence. Oxford University Press.

^{^[42]} Mehra, A. K. (2018). India’s democratic adaptations and experiments. In Routledge Handbook of Politics in Asia (pp. 307-329). Routledge.

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^{^[46]} Alam, A. A. (2023). Politics Of Judiciary: The Origin and Development Of Collegium System. A Landmark On The Indian Constitution, 315.

^{^[47]} Jha, M. K. Indian Politics and Political Processes.

^{^[48]} Chandra, A., Hubbard, W., & Kalantry, S. (2018). From Executive Appointment to the Collegium System. Verfassung und Recht in Übersee/Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 51(3), 273-289.

^{^[2]} WBG Rep., (1.06) Judicial Independence, https://reports.weforum.org/pdf/gci-2017-2018-scorecard/WEF_GCI_2017_2018_Scorecard_EOSQ144.pdf

^{^[4]} Montesquieu, Spirit of laws, 152 (Nugent ed. 1823).

^{^[5]} Santosh Kumar Pandey, Independence of Judiciary in India, 4 IJl 95, 95-97 (2014).

^{^[6]} Dinesh Singh Chauhan, Independence Of The Judiciary: A constitutional Response, (2017) https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128562/17/11_chapter%204.pdf

^{^[7]} Gayatri Rokade, Prof Abhijit Vasmatkar & Prof. Richa Dwivedi, 6 JCR 293, 293-296 (2019).

^{^[8]} Irving R. Kaufman, The Essence of Judicial Independence,80 Columbia Law Review Association Inc. 671, 671-701 (1980).

^{^[9]} Pratik patnaik, Independence of Judiciary, SSRN 2, 2-23.

^{^[10]} Andrew P. Stockley, Judicial Independence: The New Zealand Experience, 3 Austl. J. Legal Hist. 145 (1997).

^{^[11]} J. H. Farrar, Law Reform in New Zealand, 7 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 151, 151-154 (1987).

^{^[12]} James Allan, The Rise of Judicial Activism in New Zealand, 4 A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 465, 5-474 (1997).

^{^[13]} Mia Swart, Independence of the Judiciary, MPECCoL, 2-19 (2019).

^{^[15]} Marcel Storme, Independence of the Judiciary: The European Perspective‘ in Shimon Shetreet and Christopher Forsyth 85 (Martinus NIJHOFF Publishers 2012)

^{^[16]} Harold J. Laski, Studies in Law and Politics, 163 (New York: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1932).

^{^[17]} J.J. Spigelman AC, “The Rule of Law and Enforcement,” 201 UNSW L. J. (2003).

^{^[18]} Thomas C. Grey, “Constitutionalism: An Analytic Framework,” 218 (New York: New York University Press, 1979).

^{^[19]} Rajeev Dhavan & Thomas Paul, Nehru and the Constitution, 64 ( N. M. Tripathi Pvt. Ltd., 1992).

^{^[20]} Christopher M. Larkins, “Judicial Independence and Democratization: A Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis,” 44 Am. J. Comp. L. 605 (1996).

^{^[21]} S Shetreet, Judges on Trial: a Study of the Appointment and Accountability of the English Judiciary (1976).

^{^[22]} S Shetreet, ‘The Normative Cycle of Shaping Judicial Independence in Domestic andInternational Law: The Mutual Impact of National and International Jurisprudence and Contemporary Practical and Conceptual Challenges’ 10 Chicago J of Intl Law 275 (2009).

^{^[24]} United Nations, universal declaration human rights, https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ (last visited Oct. 20, 2020).

^[25] United Nations Human Rights, https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx (last visited Oct. 20, 2020).

^{^[26]} European Union, https://fra.europa.eu/en/eu-charter/article/47-right-effective-remedy-and-fair-trial

^[27] ECtHR Baka v. Hungary (2016); Procola v. Luxembourg (1995); McGonnell v. UK (2000); Findlay v. UK (1997); R(Brooke) v. Parole Board (2008).

^{^[32]} Media Rights v Nigeria (6 November 2000) No 224/98 (Nigeria).

^[33] R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, (No. 1) [1998] UKHL 41 (UK).

^[34] R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, (No. 2) [1999] UKHL 1 (UK).

^{^[37]} S Shetreet, 'Who will Judge: Reflections on the Process and Standards of Judicial Selection', 61 Australian Law Journal 766 (1987b).

^{^[38]} S Shetreet, Judges on Trial, North-Holland Pubhshmg Company, (1976).

^{^[39]} E Handsley, 'Issues Paper on Judicial Accountability, 10 Journal of Judicial Administration 181(2001).

^{^[40]}M Gleeson, 'The Role of the judge and Becoming a Judge', National Judicial Orientation Programme, (1998); J Goldring, 'The Accountability of Judges', 59 Australian Quarterly 145 (1987).

^[41] MW Bamett, 'The 1997-98 Florida Constimtion Revision Commission: Judicial Election or Merit Selection', 52 Florida Law Review 411(2000).

^{^[42]} E Skordaki, Judicial Appointments: An International Review of Existing Models, The Law Society (1991)

^[45] HJ Abraham, The Judicial Process, Oxford University Press (1986).

^[46]S Shetreet, 'Who will Judge: Reflections on the Process and Standards of Judicial Selection', 61 Australian Law Journal 766.

^[47] M Comisky & PC Patterson, The Judiciary - Selection, Compensation, Ethics and Discipline, Quorum Books (1987).

^[48] Constitution of the United States of America, Art II, s 2.

^[49] C Baar, 'Comparative Perspectives on Judicial Selection Processes' , Ontario Law Commission, (1991).

^[50] H Gibbs H, 'The Appointment and Removal of Judges', 17 Federal Law Review 141(1987b)

^[52]M Lavarch, Judicial Appointments - Procedure and Criteria, Discussion Paper, Attomey General's Department, Canberra 22 (1993).

^[53] M Spry, 'Executive and High Court Appointments', Research Paper, Parliamentary Library, (2000).

^[54]K Malleson, The New Judiciary, Ashgate, Aldershot 13, (1999).

^{^[57]} L E Nagle, ‘the Cinderella of Government: Judicial Reform in Latin America’, 30 CalWIntlLJ 345 (1999).

^{^[58]} J Ferejohn, ‘Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Explaining Judicial Independence’ 72 SCalLRev 382 (1998).

^[60] R Wolfrum & E Riedel, ‘Constitutional Guarantees of the Independence of the German’, 267 Recent Trends in German and European Constitutional Law (2006).

^{^[64]} K Malleson, 'Judicial Training and Performance Appraisal: The Problem of Judicial independence', 60 Modern Law Review 655 (1997).

^{^[66]} Montreal Declaration 1983, Art 2.33(a) (N.Z).

^{^[67]} European Union, https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/living-in-nz/history-government/our-constitution

^[68] Judiciary appointment protocols, (government of new zealand) 2019

^{^[70]} https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/living-in-nz/history-government/legal-system

^[72] https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/living-in-nz/history-government/legal-system

^{^[77]} Cooke, "Fundamentals" [1988] NZLU 158-164.

^{^[78]} Judiciary appointment protocols, (government of New Zealand) 2019.

^{^[79]} The Colonial Leave of Absence Act 1782, (N.Z).

^[80] Palmer, "Judicial Selection and Accountability: Can the New Zealand System Survive?" 28 (Gray & McClintock Courts and Policy: Checking the Balance)

^[81]Royal Commission on the Courts, 217 NZLR (1978).

^[82] New Zealand Constitution (Amendment) Act 1947 (UK).

^{^[83]} Colvin, "The Executive and the Independence of the Judiciary" 51 Sask LR 229-230 (1986-87).

^[85] The Speaker ruled in 1951 that suggesting a sentence was inappropriate would be in breach of Standing Orders: NZ, Parl, Debates 294-329 (1951).

^[86] India consti. art 124, amended by The constitution (Ninety-Ninth Amendment) Act, 2014.

^[87] Advocates-on-Record Assn. v. Union of India 2015 SCC OnLine SC 964.

^[90] Law commission of India, Report on Reforms of judicial Amendment, Vol 1 pp. 36-37---sec CAD Vol III, p 254

[2] Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Guidelines, The UNHCR Executive Committee “strongly condemns persecution through sexual violence” and “supports the recognition as refugees of persons whose claim to refugee status is based upon a well-founded fear of persecution, through sexual violence, for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.” UNHCR Exec. Comm., Conclusion on International Protection No. 73 on Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence (1993).

[3] Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Guidelines, see also Pitcherskaia v. INS, 118 F.3d 641, 646-47 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that involuntary treatment and confinement, including forced institutionalization, electroshock treatments, and drug injections, even if administered to “cure” a supposed illness due to the applicant’s sexual orientation, may constitute persecution).

[4] Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Guidelines; UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection No. 8: Child Asylum Claims under Articles 1(A)2 and 1(F) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refuge, (Sept. 22, 2009) [hereinafter Child Guidelines].

[5] Summary Conclusions: Asylum-Seekers and Refugees Seeking Protection on Account of their Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expert roundtable organized by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 September - 1 October 2010

[6] UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection No. 2: “Membership of a Particular Social Group” Within the Context of Article 1A (2) of the 1951 Convention and/or Its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees

[7] Henrique Zanin and Antonio Rodrigues de Freitas Junior, LGBTQI+ asylum seekers and refugees: Recognition and public policies for protection, International Journal of Population Studies, Volume 10 Issue 2, (page-104) (2024)

[8] Netherlands, Council of State [Afdeling Bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State], Applicant v State Secretary for Justice, D12-51, 13 August 1981.

[9] Germany, Regional Administrative Court [Verwaltungsgerichte], X v the Federal Republic of Germany, 4 K 2631/20. A, 17 February 2022.

[10] Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights [ECtHR], B and C v Switzerland, applications nos. 43987/16 and 889/19, ECLI: CE: ECHR:2020:1117JUD000088919, 17 November 2020.

[11] Netherlands, Court of The Hague [Rechtbank Den Haag], Applicant (2) v State Secretary for Justice and Security (Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid), NL21.10059, ECLI:NL: RBDHA:2022:11904, 09 November 2022.

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