INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVES FROM NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO PRECEDENTS OF APEX COURT BY - ARUN

Authors : ARUN

Registration ID : 108199 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8199

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : arun.arunkumararun.kumar07@gmail.com

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PRIONER’S RIGHTS AND LEGISLATIVE INSTRUMENTS ALIGNING WITH JUDICIAL PRECEDENTS BY - VIVEK KUMAR SHUKLA

Authors : VIVEK KUMAR SHUKLA

Registration ID : 108198 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8198

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT FOR PRISONERS: A PATH TO REHABILITATION AND REINTEGRATION BY - ESHAN SINGHAL & KAMAL HASME

Authors : ESHAN SINGHAL & KAMAL HASME

Registration ID : 108196 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8196 & IJLRA8197

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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CONJUGAL VISIT OF PRISONERS IN BANGLADESH: AN EMERGING SEMBLANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS; SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIAN JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS BY - NAEEM AHSAN TALHA

Authors : NAEEM AHSAN TALHA

Registration ID : 108195 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8195

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN PRISON: DIGNITY, HUMANITY, AND JUSTICE BY - DR. AMRITA SINGH

Authors : DR. AMRITA SINGH

Registration ID : 108194 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8194

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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RIGHTS BEHIND THE BARS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRISONERS RIGHTS LEGISLATION IN BANGLADESH AND INDIA BY - SUMAIYA ISLAM & MOHAMMAD TAWHIDUL ISLAM

Authors : SUMAIYA ISLAM & MOHAMMAD TAWHIDUL ISLAM

Registration ID : 108192 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8192 & IJLRA8193

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRISONERS’ RIGHTS TO SANITARY FACILITIES AND PERSONAL HYGIENE: BRIEF REVIEW ON INDIA AND BANGLADESH BY - CHOWDHURY SHAIRATASNIM

Authors : CHOWDHURY SHAIRATASNIM

Registration ID : 108191 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8191

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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BEYOND CAPITAL; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AS A STRATEGIC ASSET IN GREEN FINANCE BY - NITHYA PRIYA R

Authors : NITHYA PRIYA R

Registration ID : 108190 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8190

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EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCING CYBERSECURITY: A COMPARING PERSPECTIVE WITHIN SOUTH ASIA BY - DR. NEWAL CHAUDHARY

Authors : DR. NEWAL CHAUDHARY

Registration ID : 108189 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8189

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : nc2067@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-81669143/EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY F

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A STUDY IN GREEN PATENTS BY - SANIGHDHA

Authors : SANIGHDHA

Registration ID : 108188 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8188

Year : Aug-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : sn201918@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2024-42999419/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[2]Ugelvik, T. (2012, February 8). Prisoners and their victims: Techniques of neutralization, techniques of the self. Ethnography, 13(3), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138111435447

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[5]Jain& Tripathi. (2018). Prisoners Education in India: A Case Study of IGNOU with special reference to Haryana. An International Journal of Education and Applied Social Sciences, 9(1), 39–46. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:eq&volume=9&issue=1&article=006

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[8]Vacca, J. S. (2004). Educated Prisoners Are Less Likely to Return to Prison. Journal of Correctional Education, 55(4), 297–305. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23292095

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[13]SPRF, T. (2020, July 14). Prisoners’ Educational Reforms in India: An Institutionalised Insufficiency - SPRF. https://sprf.in/prisoners-educational-reforms-in-india-an-institutionalised-insufficiency/

[14]Chapter – 10 Rehabilitation and Welfare of Prisoners. (n.d.). NCRB. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/PSI-2021/Chapter%2010%20-%202021.pdf

[19]Polgreen. (2011, July 18). Rehabilitation Comes to a Prison and to Its Inmates. The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/world/asia/19delhi.html

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[2] Anna Kotova, ‘Time ... Lost Time: Exploring How Partners Of Long-Term Prisoners Experience The Temporal Pains Of Imprisonment’ (2019) 28 (2) Time & Society.

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Accessed 15 November 2022

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[7] The Dissolution Of Muslim Marriage Act 1939, Sec 2 (Iii) Provides, A Woman Married Under Muslim Law Shall Be Entitled To Obtain A Decree For The Dissolution Of Her Marriage On The Ground That Husband Has Been Sentenced To Imprisonment For A Period Of Seven Years Or Upwards.

[8] Larson, Aaron (5 June 2017). "What Is The Difference Between Jail And Prison". Expertlaw.

[9] Ruth Shonle Cavan And Eugene S. Zemans, Marital Relationships Of Prisoners In Twenty-Eight Countries, 49 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 133 (1958)

[10] Gordon, Jill, And Elizabeth H Mcconnell, ‘Are Conjugal Visits And Familial Visitations Effective Rehabilitative Concepts?’ (1999) 79 (1) The Prison Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.

[11] Eugene S. ZemansAnd Ruth Snonle Cavan, Marital Relationships Of Prisoners In The United States, Jour. Or Cnr. Law, Cronnol. And Pol. Scr. 49, 1, 50-57. (May-June, 1958.)

[12] Hardy Granson, Some Aspects of The Swedish Prison System (Pamphlet Of 7 Pages), Stockholm: Regent Boktryckeri, 1955; TorstenErskssonq, Postwar Prison Reform In Sweden, Axanas 293 (1954), 152-162.

[14] Anamika Singh And Anupal Dasgupta, ‘Prisoners’ Conjugal Visitation Rights In India: Changing Perspectives’ (2015) 4 (2) Christ University Law Journal 4, 73

[18]Criminal Appeal No. 2270 of 2008, In The Supreme Court of India.

[19] Walter Webster Argow, ‘Efficacy of Prison Mental Tests As a Guide to Rehabilitation’ (1934) 24(6) Am Inst Crim L & Criminology, 1074,1080

[20] Timothy J Flanagan, ‘Long-Term Imprisonment: Policy, Science, and Correctional Practice’ (1993) Sage Publications Inc.

[21] Anamika Singh and Anupal Dasgupta, ‘Prisoners’ Conjugal Visitation Rights in India: Changing Perspectives’ (2015) 4 (2) Christ University Law Journal 4, 73

[1]T.V. Vatheeswaran v. State of Tamil Nadu (1983) 2 SCC 68

[2]State of A.P. Vs. ChallaRamkrishna Reddy &Ors. (2000) 5 SCC 712

[3]Upendra Baxi v. State of U.P., (1983) 2 SCC 308

[4]M.H. WadanraoHaskot Vs. State of Maharashtra, (1978) 3 SCC 544

[1]Sunjida Islam &Antora Goswami,’ The prison system: An exploration for rights of the prisoners

(Prison system in Bangladesh), International Journal of Social, Politics & Humanities,Zamrut, Volume

4, Issue 2, page 201 – 205.

[2]Introduction of the Human Rights, An overview including the issues of Gender Justice, Environmental and consumer Law, South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre, Oxford University Press, 2010.

[3] Surendra Kumar Pachauri, Prisoners and Human Rights, A.P.H Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1999.

[4]Resolution: Rights of the incarcerated in South Asia , South Asia Action Network , 29 August,2021, available at <https://southasiapeace.com/2021/09/06/resolution-rights-of-the-incarcerated-in-south-asia/>, accessed on 27 October,2023 .

[5]Development of prison administration in Bangladesh, The lawyers and jurists, available at https://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/development-of-prison-administration-in-bangladesh/ , accessed on 30 October,2023.

[6]Dinesh Singh Chauhan, Rights Of Prisoners Under Indian Laws, Legal Service India, E-Journal, available at https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6228-rights-of-prisoners-under-indian-laws.html ,accessed on 30 october,2023.

[7]Siddhant Mishra and Snehil Raj, ‘Historical Evolution of the Prison System in India’, Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law, Volume 2, Issue II.

[8]The Constitution of the People???’s Republic of Bangladesh, Act No. 76 of 1972, http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367.html

[15]"Prisoners' Rights." West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Retrieved November 24, 2021, from

Encyclopedia.com

[18]Prisoners' rights, Citizens Information , available at <https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/prison-system/prisoners-rights/> ,accessed on 1 November,2023

[25]Boucher Pierre Andre vs Superintendent, Central Jail, ... on 21 November 1974, AIR 1975 SC 164,

1975 CriLJ 182, (1975) 1 SCC 192, 1975 (7) UJ 50 SC.

[26]DBM Patnaik vs State of Andhra Pradesh,AIR 1974 (SC 2092)

[27]Sunil Batra vs Delhi Administration, AIR 1975( SC2202)

[28]State Of Andhra Pradesh vs Challa Ramkrishna Reddy &Ors on 26 April, 2000,

[30]The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), (General Assembly resolution 217 A), 10 December 1948.

[31] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI), 16 December 1966.

[32]Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, Economicand Social Council resolutions 663 C (XXIV), 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII)of 13 May 1977.

[33]The United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), General Assembly resolution 39/46, 10 December 1984.

[34]The United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders, United Nations General Assembly resolution 65/229,21 December 2010.

[35]The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), General Assembly resolution 44/25, 20 November 1989.

[1]Sanitation, World Health Organization.

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[6] Standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners

[8]"UN General Assembly Resolution 65/230". United Nations. 21 December 2010. A/RES/65/230

Avail at: https://undocs.org/A/RES/65/230(Accessed on29 October 2023)

[9]"UN General Assembly Resolution 70/175". United Nations. A/RES/70/175

Available at: https://undocs.org/A/RES/70/175(Accessed on29 October 2023)

[10]The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the treatment of prisoners.

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[11]Bangkok Rules - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Bangkok_Rules_ENG_22032015.pdf (Accessed: 29 October 2023).

[12]United Nations rules for the protection of juveniles deprived of their ...

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[17]States of A.P. vs. ChallaRamkrishna Reddy and Ors. (2000) 5 SCC 712

[18]Implementation of the recommendations of All-India Committee.

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[20]AnujaJaiswal / TNN / Jul 31, 2015 (no date) 1 toilet for 12 prisoners: CAG pulls up state for poor sanitation in jails: Raipur News - Times of India, The Times of India.

Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/1-toilet-for-12-prisoners-cag-pulls-up-state-for-poor-sanitation-in-jails/articleshow/48288672.cms (Accessed: 29 October 2023).

[21]For most women in prisons, menstrual hygiene is still a dream (2020) Youth Ki Awaaz. Available at: https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2020/09/for-most-women-in-prisons-adequate-menstrual-hygiene-management-is-a-utopian-dream/ (Accessed: 30 October 2023).

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[23]MINUTES & RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE NATIONAL SEMINAR

ON ‘PRISON REFORMS’, New Delhi, 2011

available atnhrc.nic.in/Documents/Minutes(Accessed on 30 October 2023)

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[25]Major Md. Bazlul Huda (Artillery) Vs. State, 2009, 38 CLC (AD)

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[28]Development of prison administration in Bangladesh, part 5 The Lawyers & Jurists.

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[29]04 May, 2023, Women-friendly toilets to be built in Rajshahi City, Daily Sun

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[1] Assistant Professor and Former Chief of Student Welfare at Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University, Exhibition Road, Kathmandu, Nepal.

[2] Bivek Chaudhary, "Navigating the Perils of Digital Crime in Nepal: Building a Safer Digital Future," Pardafas English, https://english.pardafas.com/navigating-the-perils-of-digital-crime-in-nepal-building-a-safer-digital-future/ (Accessed Sept14, 2023).

[3] "Blockchain Security," IBM, https://www.ibm.com/topics/blockchain-security (Accessed Sept. 14, 2023).

[4]Bivek Chaudhary, "Navigating the Global Encryption Policy Debate: Security vs. Privacy," My Republica, https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/navigating-the-global-encryption-policy-debate-security-vs-privacy/ (Accessed Sept. 15, 2023).

[5] "Blockchain Technology," Amazon Web Services, https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/blockchain/ (Accessed Sept. 16, 2023).

[7] Kyle Chin , “The Role of Cybersecurity in Blockchain Technology”, UpGuard (Mar. 29, 2022), https://www.upguard.com/blog/the-role-of-cybersecurity-in-blockchain-technology. (Accessed Sept. 16, 2023).

[10] Bivek Chaudhary, " Emerging trends and challenges: The future of cybersecurity in Nepal", Online Khabar English, https://english.onlinekhabar.com/future-of-cybersecurity-nepal.html, (Accessed Sept 16, 2023).

[12] Dr. Newal Chaudhary, The Art of Cyber Law & Cyber Crimes 1st ed. (Mission Legal Services Pvt. Ltd. (2023) at 22.

[15] Nandinidey, “Role of Blockchain in Cybersecurity”, Geeksforgeeks, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/role-of-blockchain-in-cybersecurity/, ( Accessed Sept 17 , 2023)

[16] Yogesh Shelke, “Rethinking Cybersecurity Through Blockchain”, Infosys, https://www.infosys.com/insights/cyber-security/cybersecurity-blockchain.html, ( Accessed Sept 17, 2023)

[17] James Howell, “How Blockchain can help Fight Cybercrime?, 101blockchain, https://101blockchains.com/blockchain-for-cybersecurity/ (Accessed Sept 17, 2023)

[1] Georgetown Law, ‘Intellectual Property Law’ (Georgetown Law) accessed 3 June 2024

[6] United Nations- Department of Public Information, Charter of the United Nations And The International Court of Justice (2015); United Nations Department of Public Information , Universal Declaration of Human Rights (2018); United Nations Framework of Convention on Climate Change (2023); The United Nations Department of Public Information; David Wallace Wells, The Unthinkable Earth (2019); Naomi Klein , This Changes Everything : Capitalism v Climate Change (2014); Bill Gates, How to Avoid a Climate Disaster : The Solutions we have and the breakthrough we Need (2021); ‘Climate Change’ (World Health Organisation) < https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health#:~:text=Key%20facts,highly%20susceptible%20to%20climate%20change.> accessed 3 June 2024

[7] ‘Climate Change’ (United Nations) <https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change> accessed 3 June 2024

[8] ‘Climate Change’ (World Health Organisation) < https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health#:~:text=Key%20facts,highly%20susceptible%20to%20climate%20change.> accessed 3 June 2024; ‘Facts About Climate Emergency’ (United Nations Environment Program) < https://www.unep.org/facts-about-climate-emergency> accessed 3 June 2024

[9] ‘Green IP’ (A Way Forward to Sustainability, Mondaq) < https://www.mondaq.com/india/trade-secrets/938054/green-ip--a-way-forward-to-sustainability>accessed 5 June 2024

[11] About the OECD’(OECD)< https://www.oecd.org/about/>accessed> 5 June 2024

[12] (Centraal Bureau Voor De Statistiek) https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb< https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb>accessed> 5 June 2024

[14] ‘How Does Green Technology Innovations affect Carbon Emissions, A Spatial Econometric Analysis of China’s Provincial Data’ (Frontiers in Environment Science) <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.813811/full>accessed 5 June 2024

[15] ‘An Introduction to eco-Innovation’(Big bang Partnership)< https://bigbangpartnership.co.uk/introduction-to-eco-innovation/#:~:text=Eco%2Dinnovation%20synonyms,Green%20innovation>accessed 5 June 2024; ‘Green Innovation’ (Springer Link) <https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-6616-1_200021-1>accessed 5 June 2024

[17] Ibid; Ankit Singh and Yogendra Srivastava, Patent Law, Green Technology, and Innovation (2022); Dylan O. Adams, Patents Demystified: An Insider’s Guide to Protecting Patents and Innovations (2015); Richard Stim, Nolo’s Patents for Beginners (2001); P. Narayana, Patent Law (1998); Henry J.A. Charmasson, Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks (2004); Patent Searching: Tools and Techniques (2007)

[22] ‘Geen Patents: Sustainable Innovation Driving the Future’ (Lexology) accessed 5 June 2024; Ankit Singh and Yogendra Srivastava, Patent Law, Green Technology, and Innovation (2022); Dylan O. Adams, Patents Demystified: An Insider’s Guide to Protecting Patents and Innovations (2015); Richard Stim, Nolo’s Patents for Beginners (2001); P. Narayana, Patent Law (1998); Henry J.A. Charmasson, Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks (2004); Patent Searching: Tools and Techniques (2007)

[23] Regional Technical Platform on Green Agriculture, (Food and Agricultural Organisation of United Nations) < https://www.fao.org/platforms/green-agriculture/about/en#:~:text=Green%20agriculture%20involves%20the%20good,tackling%20current%20and%20future%20challenges>accessed 5 June 2024; Masanobu Fukuoka, The One Stroke Revolution: Introduction to Natural Farming (1975); Vaclav Smil, How the World Really Works (2022); Masanobu Fukuoka, The Natural way of Farming: Theory and Practice of Green Farming (1975); Ottrai Vaikol Purattchi, Handbook of Agriculture: Facts and Figures for Farmers, Students and All Interested in Farming (2009); Gabe Brown, Dirt to Soil: One Framer’s Journey into Regenerative Agriculture (2018)

[26] IPR, Innovation and Agriculture’ (Federation of Seed Industry of India) <https://fsii.in/ipr-innovation-agriculture/#:~:text=India%20Patent%20Act%201970%20and,of%20development%20of%20agricultural%20chemicals.>accessed 5 June 2024; ‘The Presence of Patents in the Agriculture Sector’ (Global Patent Filing)< https://www.globalpatentfiling.com/blog/presence-patents-agriculture-sector> accessed 5 June 2024; ‘Patents’ (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) < https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/patents/patents_patents.html>accessed 5 June 2024; ‘Patenting Activities in Agriculture from India’ < http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/pgs-503/020_agril_patenting_india.pdf>accessed 5 June 2024;’ Agricultural Marketing Servies’ (US Department of Agriculture) < https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/seed-liaison/patent-resources>accessed 5 June 2024; ‘Patenting Agriculture’ (Science and Technology)< https://issues.org/barton/>accessed 5 June 2024; ‘Needles in Haystack: Patents that inspire agricultural innovation’ (McKinsey and Company) < https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/needle-in-a-haystack-patents-that-inspire-agricultural-innovation> accessed 5 June 2024; ‘Intellectual Property Rights and Some Issues’ (Policy Briefs)< https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/697/1/pb4.pdf>accessed 5 June 2024; ‘Plant Patents’ (European Patent Office) < https://www.epo.org/en/news-events/press-centre/fact-sheet/447625> accessed 5 June 2024

[28] ‘How Investing in Green Technology saves Money of the Businesses,’ (DIGI- Connect with Confidence) < https://www.digi.com/blog/post/investing-in-green-technology>accessed 5 June 2024

[29] ‘Green IP’ (A Way Forward to Sustainability, Mondaq) < https://www.mondaq.com/india/trade-secrets/938054/green-ip--a-way-forward-to-sustainability>accessed 5 June 2024

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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