INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

RAPE AS A WEAPON OF WAR: A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS BY - SHILPA KHANDELWAL

Authors : SHILPA KHANDELWAL

Registration ID : 108157 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8157

Year : July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : salonisharma2905@gmail.com

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WATCHING THE WATCHDOGS: IMPROVING REGULATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF NGOS BY - CHATRUGUN KHALDHANIA

Authors : CHATRUGUN KHALDHANIA

Registration ID : 108156 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8156

Year : July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

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DECODING THE UNIFORM CIVIL CODE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF UTTARAKHANDS LANDMARK LEGISLATION BY - DR. MANOJ KUMAR SHARMA

Authors : DR. MANOJ KUMAR SHARMA

Registration ID : 108155 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8155

Year : July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF CRIME AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM BY - NISHANT BARDOSHIYA

Authors : NISHANT BARDOSHIYA

Registration ID : 108154 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8154

Year : July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : advnishantbardoshiya@gmail.com

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BIPIN CHANDER JAISINGHBHAI VS PRABHAWATI BY: DHITI ALOK DOKANIA

Authors : DHITI ALOK DOKANIA

Registration ID : 108153 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8153

Year : July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : 21010126183@symlaw.ac.in

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BREAKING THE SOUND BARRIER: NAVIGATING THE LEGAL TURBULENCE OF SUPERSONIC AND HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT BY - SHUBHADIP GHATAK & APOORVA SAXENA

Authors : SHUBHADIP GHATAK & APOORVA SAXENA

Registration ID : 108151 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8151 & IJLRA8152

Year : July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT, 2019: A CRITIQUE BY - MANISH KUMAR

Authors : MANISH KUMAR

Registration ID : 108150 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8150

Year : July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : kumarmanish1341@gmail.com

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COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: AN INTERPLAY BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE JURISPRUDENCE AND THE HUMAN INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT BY - LOKESH MITTAL & SANIGHDHA

Authors : LOKESH MITTAL & SANIGHDHA

Registration ID : 108148 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8148 & IJLRA8149

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : SN201918@GMAIL.COM

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RESPONSIVENESS OF THE LAW IN REGARD TO DISCLOSURES IN INDIA BY - SEENATH P. S, GAUTHAM A. B, KAMALESWARY J. P & ADHITHYA SURESH

Authors : SEENATH P. S, GAUTHAM A. B, KAMALESWARY J. P & ADHITHYA SURESH

Registration ID : 108144 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8144, IJLRA8145, IJLRA8146 & IJLRA8147

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : chinnuprasanna1996@gmail.com, seenathps928@gmail.com, seenathps928@gmail.com & thecookbook304@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-69895996/RESPONSIVENESS OF THE LAW IN REGARD TO DISCLOSURES

EMPOWERING THE RIGHTS AND DIGNITY OF SEX WORKERS: COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF SUPREME COURT LANDMARK DIRECTIVES BY - PRANITA YONZONE

Authors : PRANITA YONZONE

Registration ID : 108143 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8143

Year :July-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-38953971/EMPOWERING THE RIGHTS AND DIGNITY OF SEX WORKERS:

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[1]Cohn, C. (2013). Women and Wars. UK: Polity Press.

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[5] Robinson, B. (2009). Rape of women during wartime. Religious tolerance.

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[11] International, Amnesty. (2004). Lives blown apart: Crimes against women in times of conflict. London: Amnesty International Publications.

[12] Cohn, C. (2013). Women and Wars. UK: Polity Press.

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[14] Clifford, C. (2008). Rape as a weapon of war and its long term effects on victims and society. 7th global conference:violence and context of hostility, (p. 13). Budapest.

[15] Brwonmiller, S. (1975). Against our will:Men ,women and rape. Simon and Schuster.

[16] Thomas, K. (2012). Sexual violence as a weapon of war. The journal of the American medical assocation.

[17] Cohn, C. (2013). Women and Wars. UK: Polity Press.

[18] Clifford, C. (2008). Rape as a weapon of war and its long term effects on victims and society. 7th global conference:violence and context of hostility, (p. 13). Budapest.

[19] Rimmer, S. H. (2006). ''Orphans'' or veterans ?Justice for children born of war in East Timor. Texas international law journal.

[20] Cohn, C. (2013). Women and Wars. UK: Polity Press.

[21] Cunningham, A. R. (2008). Rape as a weapon of genocide. Genocide studies and prevention:An international journal.

[22] Clifford, C. (2008). Rape as a weapon of war and its long term effects on victims and society. 7th global conference:violence and context of hostility, (p. 13). Budapest.

[23] Cunningham, A. R. (2008). Rape as a weapon of genocide. Genocide studies and prevention:An international journal.

[24] Nicola jones, J. C. (2014, june). The fallout of rape as a weapon of war. Overseas development institue.

[25] Cohn, C. (2013). Women and Wars. UK: Polity Press.

[26] Parisi, M. C. (2017). Sexual violence and law of armed conflict. Responsiblity to protect student journal.

[27] Park, J. (2007). Sexual violence as a weapon of war in international humaintarian law. International public policy review.

[28] Raith, R. M. (2011). Gender based violence and justice in conflict and post conflict areas. Cornell international law journel.

[29] Vogelstein, J. B. (2017). Counterning sexual violence in conflcit. The Council On Foreign Realtions.

[30] Background information on sexual violence used as a tool of war. (2014). Retrieved feburary 04, 2024, from United Nations: http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/bgsexualviolence.shtml

[1] A Survey on Non Profit Institutions in India - Some Findings, Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India, September 2009.

[2] Pushpa Aman Singh, NGO Accountability in the Indian Context (December, 2009), http://www.guidestarinternational.org/SiteImages/file/NGO%20Accountability%20in%20the

%20Indian%20 Context.pdf

[3] Michael Szporluk, A Framework for Understanding Accountability of International NGOs and Global Good Governance, 16 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 339

[4] Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

[5] Rajesh Tandon, Board Games: Governance and Accountability of NGOs, http://www.wtrc- tmed.org/wtrc/resources/Board%20Games.pdf

[6] Christopher Tracy, The Growing Role of Non-Governmental Organisations, 89 Am. Soc'y Int'l L. Proc. 413.

[7] TANJA A. BORZEL & THOMAS RISSE, COMPLEX SOVEREIGNTY: RECONSTITUTING POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, p. 195, 203-06 (Edgar Grande & Louis W. Pauly eds., 2004).

[9] P.J. SIMMONA & CHANTAL DE JONGE OUDRAAT, MANAGING GLOBAL ISSUES: LESSONS LEARNED, p. 3, 12 (P.J. Simmons & Chantal de Jonge Oudraat eds., 2001).

[10] TANJA BRUHL, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2001 BERLIN CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND THE NATION STATE, p. 371, 376-77 (Frank Biermann et al. eds., 2002).

[12] WILLIAM KOREY, NGOs AND THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A CURIOUS GRAPEVINE (PALGRAVE, New York, 1998).

[13] MOTOKO MEKATA, THE THIRD FORCE: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY, p. 143 (Ann M. Florini ed., 2000).

[14] Peter Sutherland, The Doha Development Agenda: Political Challenges to the World Trading System- A Cosmopolitan Perspective, 8 J. INT'L ECON. L. 363, 374 (2005). (Discussing the WTO Secretariat's interest in creating a low-level partnership between the WTO and NGOs).

[15] SIMON ZADEK & MURDOCH GATWARD, BEYOND THE MAGIC BULLET: NGO PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD, p. 169 (Michael Edwards & David Hulme eds., 1996).

[16] Ann Marie Clark, Non-Governmental Organizations and their Influence on International Society, 48 J. INT'L AFF. 507.

[17] Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance, 18 MICH. J. INT'L L. 183.

[18] Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance, 18 MICH. J. INT'L L. 183.

[19] Erik B. Bluemel, Overcoming NGO Accountability Concerns in International Governance, 31 Brook. J. Int'l L. 139.

[20] Jonathan P. Doh & Terrence R. Guay, Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility: How Nongovernmental Organizations Influence Labor and Environmental Codes of Conduct”, (manuscript on file with Brooklyn Journal of International Law).

[21] Joanne K. Leweler, International Commercial Arbitration as a Model for Resolving Treaty Disputes, 21 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 379 (1989).

[22] Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, (Oct. 14, 1996, 17 U.S.T. 1270, 575 U.N.T.S. 159).

[23] RUTH MAYNE, REGULATING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: BEYOND LIBERALIZATION, p. 235 (Sol Picciotto & Ruth Mayne eds., 1999).

[24] Paul Wapner, Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics, 47 World Pol. 311 (1995).

[25] Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Art. 11(5), Annex III, para. 1, Annex IV(10), Sept. 16, 1987, 1522 U.N.T.S. 3, 26 I.L.M. 1541, adjusted by London Amendments, June 29, 1990, 20 I.L.M. 537, Nairobi Amendments, June 21, 1991, and Copenhagen Amendments, Nov. 23-25, 1993, 32 I.L.M. 874.

[27] Problems of Governance in the NGO Sector: The Way Out, (Transparency International, Executive Summary), http://www.ti-bangladesh.org/research/ExecSum-NGO-English.pdf

[29] Qiusha Ma, The Governance of NGOs in China Since 1978: How Much Autonomy?, 31 Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Q. 305 (2002).

[31] ‘No national law governs public charitable trusts in India, although many states (particularly Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh) have Public Trusts Acts. In the absence of a Trusts Act in any particular state or territory the general principles of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 are applied.’

[32] Societies Registration Act, Section 20 (1860).

[39] JEFFREY E. GARTEN, GLOBALIZATION WITHOUT TEARS – A NEW SOCIAL COMPACT FOR CEOs (Harvard Business School Press, 2002).

[41] NGO Regulation Net, Why is Regulation Important,

[42] ‘The opposite is true in, e.g., Switzerland. C. Civ., tit. II, ch. 2, art. 60(1). (“Associations which have a political, religious, scientific, artistic, charitable, social, or any other than an industrial object, acquire the status of a person as soon as they show by their constitution their intention to have a corporate existence.”) Mongolia is similar: “An NGO shall be considered established after the founders have issued a decision to establish the NGO and have approved the NGO’s by- laws.” Such an organization cannot exercise its rights as a legal entity, however, until it has completed the establishment process. The Law of the State of Mongolia on Non- Governmental Organizations, ch. 1, art. 6 (January 31, 1997). Under these laws a civic organization is established when a group of individuals completes required acts, such as the adoption of a constitution, without any involvement of the state.’

[43] The Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Non-Commercial Organizations, Ch. 2, art. 18 (October 1, 1999). (“Founders of a public association shall convene a constituent meeting and adopt a decision on establishing a public association, approving its Charter, and forming governing and audit bodies.”)

[44] Kenya Societies Act, part IV, Section 17 (1998).

[45] ‘The system in Mongolia may serve as an example. After a completed application is filed, the establishing authority has 30 days within which to establish the civic organization or to refuse establishment. Refusal must be on one of two grounds: The purpose of the organization violates the Mongolian law or another organization with the same name is already established. If neither of these conditions is met, the authority must establish the organization. (Mongolian NGO Law, Art. 16(2))’.

[46] ‘The law of the Republic of Yemen provides (“In the event that the application is refused pursuant to this Law [the Ministry] should notify the founders of the decision to reject the application in writing, giving the reason thereof, and should post this in its bulletin board of the Ministry or the relevant office within ten days of the date of decision.”) Article 11 creates a 60- day appeal period from the day that the applicants are notified of the rejection.’

[47] ‘The European Parliament issued a resolution requesting that “all discriminatory measures based on nationality that affect the right to belong to, form or administer an association be rapidly abolished throughout the Community, in respect of citizens of Member States.” Eur. Parl. Doc. A2 196/86 (March 13, 1987). The European Court of Justice ruled against Belgium’s nationality restrictions for participation in civic organizations. Case C-172/98, Kingdom of Belgium v. Commission (June 29, 1999); On June 30, 2000, the existing legislation was amended to remove the requirements.’

[48] ‘The Estonian law provides that people acting on behalf of an association in the process of establishment are liable for the actions on behalf of the organization. When the organization is established, the obligations automatically transfer to the organization “if the persons who entered into the transaction had the right to enter into the transaction in the name of the association.” If the person did not have that right, then the obligations only transfer from the individual to the organization if all the members agree. The law does not specify what constitutes “having the right” to enter into a transaction on behalf of an organization. (The Non- Profit Association Acts of the Republic of Estonia, ch. 1, Section 11(2-3) (June 6, 1996, amended June 5, 2002).’

[49] ‘In Japan, special types of legal persons (e.g., “Public Interest Legal Persons” such as associations and foundations, social welfare corporations, educational corporations, religious corporations, and medical corporations) are all permitted to be established under different laws and by different ministries. The creation of the new “special nonprofit activities legal person” created in 1998 simply added another category and another responsible state agency (the Economic Planning Agency) to this already complex system. Thus, choice of form is a very important issue in Japan.’

[50] ‘Greece is one example. See the Greek Civil Code, C. Civ., ch. 4, § 79, § 81. Albania is another. See Law on the Registration of Non-profit Organizations, no. 8789, ch. 2, art. 5 (May 7, 2001).’

[51] ‘Some countries use the ministry of justice. See e.g., Law of Mongolia on Non-Governmental Organizations, ch. 3, art. 15 (January 31, 1997); In South Africa, Egypt, and Pakistan, the ministry of social welfare or its equivalent is the place where civic organizations are established. (Nonprofit Organisations Act of the Republic of South Africa, ch. 3, Section 11 (1997); Law on Private Associations and Establishments Law No. 84 of 2002 of Egypt, ch. 1, art. 3; Registration as a Non-Profit Company under Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance Act 1984 of Pakistan, Section 4.3.1).’

[52] ‘The Regulations on the Registration of Social Organizations of the Peoples’ Republic of China state that the registration may occur at the national level or at local branches of the Ministry of Civil Affairs.’

[53] ‘See, e.g., The Charity Commission in Moldova has nine members, with at least three members who represent the public sector and who are not employed by the state. Commission members have a five-year term, which permits a degree of professionalization that comes with time. (Law of the Republic of Moldova on Public Associations, No. 837-XIII, ch. 5, art. 34-37 (May 17, 1996).’

[54] Leon E. Irish, Robert Kushen, Karla W. Simon, Guidelines for Laws Affecting Civic Organisations, (Prepared by Open Society Institute in cooperation with the International Center for Not-for- Profit Law, New York, Second Edition).

[55] ‘South Africa has placed its registry on the Internet. The online registry lists each civic organization’s name and address, the registration number, the date registered, and any date that the organization was deregistered, wound up, or dissolved. The online registry fulfills the legal obligation of the director of nonprofit organizations to publish annually the registry and the names of all organizations removed from the registry in the previous year “in the Gazette and at least one other widely circulated means of communication.” (Nonprofit Organizations Act, no. 71, vol. 340, no. 18487, ch. 2, Section 24(7) (December 3, 1997). The Czech Republic and a number of other countries in Central and Eastern Europe have also placed their registries on the Internet.’

[56] ‘For example, the law of the Republic of Yemen requires that the government, prior to suing for dissolution, issue “the association or foundation three notices within six months to remedy the violation.” (The Law on Associations and Foundations of the Republic of Yemen, Law No. (1) for the Year 2001, ch. 4, Section I, art. 44 (2).’

[57] Law of the Republic of Indonesia, No. 16 of 2001, Concerning Foundations, ch. 2, art. 17 (2001).

[58] ‘The limits on fundraising regulation in the United States are largely a product of jurisprudence under the First Amendment to the Constitution, which protects freedom of speech.’

[59] unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/.../UNPAN016333.pdf

[60] ‘The United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) decided not to require audited financial statements by civic organizations immediately after the transition precisely because of concerns over the availability of qualified, independent accountants. See UNMIK Administrative Direction No. 2002/9, Section 1 (March 29, 2002). This is not, however, a common situation, given the range of accounting skills taught in modern universities around the world.’

[61] ‘A civic organization that receives some tax benefits need not be offered all available tax benefits in the jurisdiction. It may be that some tax benefits are offered to a subset of PBOs, and further tax benefits are extended to a smaller subset. In the United States, a distinction is made between “charitable” organizations, to which tax deductible contributions can be made, and “social welfare” organizations, for which tax deduction is not available. (26 U.S.C. Section 501 (c)(3) & Section 501 (c)(4) (2000) Both types of organizations, however, are generally exempt from income taxes.’

[62] ‘Mongolia exempts MBOs from taxation on membership fees and members’ contributions. It exempts PBOs from taxation on membership fees, all contributions and inherited funds, and income from mission related economic activities.’

[64] ‘Under a tax designation scheme adopted in Hungary, however, an individual may direct that 1% of the taxes he or she pays go to an “eminent” PBO of his or her choice. (Act No. CXXVI on the Public Application of a Certain Portion of Personal Income Tax upon Taxpayer’s Order, Section 3(1) (1996) Lithuania, Slovakia, and Poland have adopted similar laws. Such tax designation schemes do not give a deduction or credit and do not require the individual to file a tax return, which means that all taxpayers are able to participate in supporting civic organizations.’

[65] ‘In Russia individuals can claim deductions only up to 1 percent of their income, and business entities are limited to 3 percent. In the United States, by contrast, individuals can claim up to 50 percent and businesses can claim up to 10 percent. In Australia, there is no limit at all.’

[66] Industry Commission, Charitable Organizations in Australia 311-312 & App. J (1995).

[3] Mohd. Ahmed Khan Vs. Shah Bano Begum and Ors. AIR 1985 SC 945, MANU/SC/0194/1985

[5] Sarla Mudgal and Ors. vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors AIR 1995 SC 1531, MANU/SC/0290/1995

[6] John Vallamattom and Ors. Vs. Union of India AIR 2003 SC 2902, MANU/SC/0480/2003

[7] Jose Paulo Coutinho Vs. Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira and Ors 2019 20 SCC 85, MANU/SC/1257/2019

[8] Law Commission of India, Reform of Family Law, 31 August 2018

[1] Bombay Hindu Divorce Act, 1947, § 3, No. 88, Acts of Parliament, 1947 (India)

[2] Bipin Chander Jaisinghbhai vs Prabhawati, AIR 1957 SC 176

[3] Bombay Hindu Divorce Act, 1947, § 3(1)(d), No. 88, Acts of Parliament, 1947 (India)

[4] Bombay Hindu Divorce Act, 1947, § 2(b), No. 88, Acts of Parliament, 1947 (India)

[1] Richard P. Hallion, Breaking the Sound Barrier: The Army Air Forces and the First Flight of the XS-1, 44 AIR POWER HIST. 4 (1997).

[2] Concorde-Heathrow Airport Users Comm. v. British Airports Auth., [1981] QB 64.

[4] Mohamad Nazri Mohd Ja'afar et al., Progress and development of hypersonic technology: A critical review, 122 PROGRESS IN AEROSPACE SCI. 100696 (2021).

[5] Bernd Liebhardt et al., Supersonic and Hypersonic Aircraft Design: Current and Future, 8 AEROSPACE 139 (2021).

[6] Noise Certification of Supersonic Airplanes, 85 Fed. Reg. 20431 (Apr. 13, 2020) (to be codified at 14 C.F.R. pt. 36).

[7] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., ICAO AND SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT (2021).

[8] Convention on International Civil Aviation, Annex 16: Environmental Protection (9th ed. 2008).

[9] ICAO COMM. ON AVIATION ENV'T PROT., REPORT OF THE TENTH MEETING (2016).

[10] A. Mahashabde et al., Assessing the environmental impacts of aircraft noise and emissions, 47 PROGRESS IN AEROSPACE SCI. 15 (2011).

[11] FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-95, Section 911, 126 Stat. 11, 143-44 (2012).

[12] FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-254, Section 181, 132 Stat. 3186, 3459-60 (2018).

[13] Noise Certification of Supersonic Airplanes, 85 Fed. Reg. 20431 (Apr. 13, 2020) (to be codified at 14 C.F.R. pt. 36).

[15] CLEAN SKY 2 JOINT UNDERTAKING, STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION AGENDA (2015).

[16] European Comm'n, SENECA Project, CORDIS EU RESEARCH RESULTS (2021).

[17] Kokubo Takama et al., A JAXA Approach for Sonic Boom Research, 29TH CONG. INT'L COUNCIL AERONAUTICAL SCI. (2014).

[18] S.A. Ushakov et al., Prospects for the development of supersonic civil aviation in Russia, 714 IOP CONF. SERIES: MATERIALS SCI. & ENG'G (2020).

[19] CIV. AVIATION ADMIN. OF CHINA, DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S CIVIL AVIATION INDUSTRY: 2019 ANNUAL REPORT (2019).

[20] Noise Control Act of 1972, 42 U.S.C. Section 4901-4918.

[21] Sierra Club v. Dep't of Transp., 753 F.2d 120 (D.C. Cir. 1985).

[22] Convention on International Civil Aviation, Dec. 7, 1944, 61 Stat. 1180, 15 U.N.T.S. 295.

[23] NAT'L AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMIN., X-59 QUESST: THE FUTURE OF FLIGHT (2021).

[25] Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution That May Reasonably Be Anticipated To Endanger Public Health and Welfare, 81 Fed. Reg. 54422 (Aug. 15, 2016) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pts. 87, 1068).

[26] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., CARBON OFFSETTING AND REDUCTION SCHEME FOR INTERNATIONAL AVIATION (CORSIA) (2016).

[27] Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. EPA, No. 16-1363 (D.C. Cir. 2019).

[28] Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Sept. 16, 1987, 1522 U.N.T.S. 3.

[29] FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-95, 126 Stat. 11 (2012).

[30] Convention on International Civil Aviation, supra note 22, art. 28.

[31] Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, May 28, 1999, T.I.A.S. No. 13,038, 2242 U.N.T.S. 309.

[32] Taylor v. FAA, 856 F.3d 1089 (D.C. Cir. 2017).

[33] Noise Certification of Supersonic Airplanes, 85 Fed. Reg. 20431 (Apr. 13, 2020) (to be codified at 14 C.F.R. pt. 36).

[34] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., AIRWORTHINESS MANUAL, DOC 9760 (3d ed. 2014).

[35] In re Air Crash Disaster at Sioux City, Iowa, on July 19, 1989, 781 F. Supp. 1307 (N.D. Ill. 1991).

[37] United States v. Hsu, 155 F.3d 189 (3d Cir. 1998).

[38] Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299.

[39] Rolls-Royce plc v. United Techs. Corp. [2011] EWCA (Civ) 1589 (Eng.).

[40] Export Control Reform Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-232, 132 Stat. 2208 (2018).

[41] International Traffic in Arms Regulations, 22 C.F.R. Section 120-130 (2024).

[42] Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies (July 12, 1996).

[43] Boom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce End Engine-development Relationship, FLIGHT GLOBAL, Sept. 19, 2022.

[44] United States v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256 (1946).

[45] British Airways Bd. v. Laker Airways Ltd. [1985] AC 58 (HL) (appeal taken from Eng.).

[46] Concorde-Heathrow Airport Users Comm. v. British Airports Auth., [1981] QB 64.

[47] Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. EPA, No. 16-1363 (D.C. Cir. 2019).

[48] In re Air Crash Near Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia on Sept. 2, 1998, 210 F. Supp. 2d 570 (E.D. Pa. 2002).

[49] Griggs v. Allegheny County, 369 U.S. 84 (1962).

[51] Save Our Heritage Org. v. San Diego City Council, 11 Cal. 5th 1071 (2021).

[52] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., SAFETY MANAGEMENT MANUAL (SMM), DOC 9859 (4th ed. 2018).

[53] Dirk A. Zetzsche et al., Regulating a Revolution: From Regulatory Sandboxes to Smart Regulation, 23 FORDHAM J. CORP. & FIN. L. 31 (2017).

[54] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., CAEP/11 AGREES ON NEW SUPERSONIC NOISE STANDARD (2019).

[55] Agreement on Cooperation in the Regulation of Civil Aviation Safety, U.S.-E.U., June 30, 2011, T.I.A.S. No. 13-51.

[56] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., ICAO VISION ON AVIATION ALTERNATIVE FUELS (2017).

[57] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., CARBON OFFSETTING AND REDUCTION SCHEME FOR INTERNATIONAL AVIATION (CORSIA) (2016).

[58] Alessandro Gardi et al., Multi-objective optimisation of aircraft flight trajectories in the ATM and avionics context, 83 PROGRESS IN AEROSPACE SCI. 1 (2016).

[59] Griggs v. Allegheny County, 369 U.S. 84 (1962).

[60] INT'L CIV. AVIATION ORG., AIRWORTHINESS MANUAL, DOC 9760 (3d ed. 2014).

[61] Eric J. Tuegel et al., Reengineering Aircraft Structural Life Prediction Using a Digital Twin, 2011 INT'L J. AEROSPACE ENG'G 1 (2011).

[62] Parimal Kopardekar et al., Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) Concept of Operations, AIAA AVIATION TECH., INTEGRATION, & OPERATIONS CONF. (2016).

[63] U.S. DEP'T OF COM., SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (2018).

[64] Patent Cooperation Treaty, June 19, 1970, 28 U.S.T. 7645, 1160 U.N.T.S. 231.

[65] U.S. DEP'T OF COM., BUREAU OF INDUS. & SEC., EXPORT CONTROL REFORM ACT OF 2018 AND CONVENTIONAL ARMS TRANSFER POLICY (2019).

[1] Jayshree Bajoria, “Shoot the Traitors” Human Rights Watch (April 27, 2022, 6:30 p.m.), https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/09/shoot-traitors/discrimination-against-muslims-under-indias-new-citizenship-policy#.

[2] NH Desk, “CAA, an outcome of BJP’s Hindutva agenda: US commission,” National Herald (April 27, 2022, 6:40 p.m.), https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/flick-past/caa-an-outcome-of-bjps-hindutva-agenda-us-commission.

[3]The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019, Clause 3 of the Statement of Objects and Reasons (Bill No. 370 Of 2019).

[4] Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019, Pib.gov.in, (April 27, 2022, 7:00 p.m.), https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195783.

[5] Parliament of India, Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume IX (August 10, 1949) (speech of Dr. Ambedkar).

[6] Faizan Mustafa, Assam NRC: Who is an Indian citizen? How is it defined? The Indian Express, (April 26, 2022, 7:00 p.m.), https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/assam-nrc-citizenship-amendment-bill-indian-citizen-5924953/.

[7] Abhinav Chandrachud, ‘The Origins of Indian Citizenship,’ Bloomberg Quint (April 26, 2022, 8:00 p.m.), https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/citizenship-amendment-act-the-unsecular-origins-of-indian-citizenship-by-abhinav-chandrachud.

[8] Vazira Fazila & Yacoobali Zamindar, The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories (2007), Columbia University Press, pp. 85-86.

[9]Permit System Rules, 1948 (August 7 1948), https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1948.84?q=Influx+from+Pakistan+%28Control+%29+Ordinance

[10] Parliament of India, Constituent Assembly Debates, Vol. IX (August 11, 1949) (speech of P.S.

Deshmukh).

[11] Adrija Roychowdhury, ‘Secularism: Why Nehru dropped and Indira inserted the S-word in the Constitution,’ The Indian Express (April 28, 2022, 7:00 p.m.) https://indianexpress.com/article/research/anant-kumar-hegde-secularism-constitution-india-bjp-jawaharlal-nehru-indira-gandhi-5001085/.

[23] Press India, Those born before Jul 1, 1987 or whose parents born before that are Indian citizens: Govt, Business-standard (April 28, 2022, 7:00 p.m.) https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/those-born-before-jul-1-1987-or-whose-parents-born-before-that-are-indian-citizens-govt-119122001163_1.html.

https://indiancitizenshiponline.nic.in/citizenshipact1.htm.

[24] The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/949775/.

[25] The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, No. 47 Of 2019, s.2.

[27]The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019, Bill No. 370 Of 2019, Clause 2 of the Statement of Objects and Reasons.

[30] The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, No. 47 Of 2019, s.6.

[31]The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019, Bill No. 370 Of 2019, s. 3 (4) And Clause 10 of the Statement of Objects and Reasons.

[32] The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, No. 47 Of 2019, s 4(I).

[33] The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, No. 47 Of 2019, s. 4(ii).

[34] Vani Manoraj, Refugee and the Non-Refoulement Obligation, SSRN (April 28, 2022, 7:00 p.m.) https://ssrn.com/abstract=3314297 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3314297

[35] Resolution 26/14 (2014) & Resolution 32/5 (2016), UN Human Right Council.

Right to a Nationality and Statelessness, Ohchr.org, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/Nationality.aspx.

[36] I. I. Lukashuk, The Principle Pacta Sunt Servanda and the Nature of Obligation Under International Law, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 83, No. 3 (Jul., 1989), pp. 513-518, https://doi.org/10.2307/2203309.

[37] Rajeev Dhavan, Treaties and People: Indian Reflections, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol. 39, No. 1 (January-March 1997), pp. 1-46, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43951677.

[38] UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1950, 189 UNTS 137.

[39] Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1996, 606 UNTS 267.

[40] International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, 1966, art. 26.

[41] International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, 1966, art. 2(1).

[42] The 1930 Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, art.1.

[43] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, art.15 (2).

[44] Molding a New Human Rights Agenda, 8 Wash. Q. 183 (1985).

[45] Article 14, In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Commentary 220 (Asborn Eide Et Al. Eds., 1992).

[46] Reforming Asylum Adjudication: On Navigating the Coast of Bohemia, 138 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1247, 1253 (1990).

[47] Legal Aspects of The Convention Of 25 July 1951 Relating to The Status of Refugees, 1953 Brit. Y.B. Int'l L. 478, 481.

[48] Budhan Choudhary v. State of Bihar, AIR 1955 SC 191

[49] Suhrith Parthasarathy, ‘Why the CAA Violates the Constitution,’ The India Forum (April 29, 2022, 8:00 p.m.), https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/why-caa-violates-constitution

[51] Abhinav Chandrachud, ‘The Origins of Indian Citizenship,’ Bloomberg Quint (April 26, 2022, 8:00 p.m.), https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/citizenship-amendment-act-the-unsecular-origins-of-indian-citizenship-by-abhinav-chandrachud.

[53] Gautam Bhatia, ‘Proposed citizenship law is immoral, will unleash a legally-sanctioned regime of discrimination,’ The Indian Express (April 30, 2022, 6:00 a.m.), https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/citizenship-amendment-bill-union-cabinet-strangers-in-their-own-land-6154534/

[1] ‘What is Intellectual Property’ (World Intellectual Property Organisation) <https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/> accessed 13 July 2024; V.K. Ahuja, Law Relating to the Intellectual Property Rights (2007); N.S. Sreenivasulu, Law Relating to the Intellectual Property Rights (2013); Ronald Rosen, Music, and Copyright (2008); Brad Sherman, The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law (1999); Ronan Deazely, Rethinking Copyright (2006); K.C. Kailasam, Law of Trademarks: Including International Registration Under Madrid Protocols

[2] Chandra Nath Saha and Sanjib Bhattacharya, ‘Intellectual Property Rights: An Overview and implications in pharmaceutical industry’ (National Library of Medicine, April 2011) <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217699/#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20(IPR)%20refers,a%20given%20period%20of%20time.> accessed 13 July 2024

[3] Georgetown Law, ‘Intellectual Property Law’ (Georgetown Law) accessed 13 July 2024

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[7] ‘What is Copyright and Copyright Law’ (Investopedia) < https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/copyright.asp>accessed 13 July 2024

[8] ‘A Handbook of Copyright Law’ (Government of India-Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade- Ministry for Commerce and Industry) < https://copyright.gov.in/documents/handbook.html#:~:text=The%20Copyright%20Act%2C%201957%20protects,expressions%20and%20not%20the%20ideas> accessed 13 July 2024; The Copyrights Act 1957; The Indian Copyright Rules, 1958; ‘The Copyrights’ (World Intellectual Property Organisation) < https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/> accessed 13 July 2024; ‘What is Copyright?- Definitions, Examples and Types’ (The Economic Times) < https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms> accessed 13 July 2024

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[22] Yashraj Films Private Limited v Sri Sai Ganesh Productions (AIR 2019 DEL 1017); ‘Yashraj Films Private Limited V Sri Sai Ganesh Productions’ (Legal Quorum) < https://thelegalquorum.com/yashraj-films-pvt-ltd-v-sri-sai-ganesh-productions-and-ors-2019/> accessed 13 July 2024

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