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[1]All India Survey on Higher Education 2018-19, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (2019). See: https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/AISHE%20Final%20Report%202018-19.pdf.
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[7]Ananya Bhardwaj, Police register cheating case against IIPM dean Arindam Chaudhuri, Hindustan Times, May 12, 2015.
[9]All India Survey on Higher Education 2018-19, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (2019). See: https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/AISHE%20Final%20Report%202018-19.pdf.
Citation
Citation
[1] Rapporteur’s Digest on Freedom of Religion or Belief accessed 1 May 2022.
[3] Nicolas Bratza, ‘The “Precious Asset“: Freedom of Religion under the European Convention on Human Rights’ in Mark Hill (ed), Religion and Discrimination Law in the European Union (European Consortium for Church and State Research, 2012) 22.
[4] R v Drug Mart Ltd (1984) 5 DLR (4th) 121 (in which the Lord’s Day Act and Sunday observances was an issue).
[5] Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education [2001] 1 LRC 441, 36
[6] Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 9.
[7] Kokkinakis v Greece, 14307/88 Eur Court HR (25 May 1993), 31.
[8] Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 9.
[10] See, eg, X v Austria, (8652/79) Eur Court HR (15 October 1981) DR 26 (concerning the Moon Sect), X v United Kingdom (7291/75) Eur Court HR (4 October 1977) DR11 (concerning the Wicca faith).
[11] Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 9.
[12] See, eg, Arrowsmith v the United Kingdom (1978) DR 19 page 5. For example belief in assisted suicide does not fall within art 9 as demonstrated in Pretty v the United Kingdom (2346/02) ECHR Reports 2002-III.
[13] Dogru v France (27058/05) ECHR, Chamber (4 December 2008), 47.
[14]Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 15, 10.
[15] Ahmad v United Kingdom (1981) 4 European Human Rights Reports 126, 11, in which a schoolteacher employed by a local authority claimed that he was forced to resign from his full-time post because he was refused permission to attend a mosque for the purposes of worship during hours of employment.
[16] Kalaç v Turkey (1997) IV Eur Court HR 1199, 27.
[17] ?ahin v Turkey (44774/98) Eur Court HR, Grand Chamber (10 November 2005), 105-106.
[18] See, R (on the application of Begum) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15, 26; Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 15.
[19]Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 15.
[20] Karaduman v Turkey (1993) 74 DR 93 (Eur Comm HR); Kalaç v Turkey (1997) 27 European Human Rights Reports 552.
[21] R (on the application of Begum) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15.
[22] It should be noted that the Grand Chamber judgment in ?ahin v Turkey had not been decided at the time of the Court of Appeal decision in the Begum case
[23] The Queen on the application of Shabina Begum (through her litigation friend Mr Sherwas Rahman) v The Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School [2004] EWHC 1389 (Admin).
[24] The Queen on the application of SB v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School [2005] EWCA Civ 199.
[25] R (on the application of Begum) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15
[28] Kokkinakis v Greece (14307/88) Eur Court HR (25 May 1993), 32.
[29] ?ahin v Turkey no (44774/98) Eur Court HR, Grand Chamber (10 November 2005) (Tulkens J), 8.
[30] Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 15.
[32] Handyside v the United Kingdom, 7 December 1976 cited in Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 15, 32.
[33] See, eg, ?ahin v Turkey (44774/98) Eur Court HR, Grand Chamber (10 November 2005), 122.
[34] Dahlab v Switzerland (2001) V Eur Court HR 449, 14.
[35] Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 15, 32.
[39] Jim Murdoch, Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion. A Guide to the Implementation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2007), 15, 55.
[40] ?ahin v Turkey (44774/98) Eur Court HR, Grand Chamber (10 November 2005), 165.
[42] ‘School Bans Catholic Girl From Wearing Crucifix’, Catholic News Agency, 15 January 2007, at 3 June 2007.
[43] An iron bracelet commonly worn on the right arm as a symbol of humility and eternity. See also R (on the application of Watkins-Singh) v Aberdare Girls High School [2008] EWHR 1868 (Admin).
[44] School bans Christian chastity rings but allows Muslim and Sikh symbols. See also R (on the application of Playfoot) v Governing Body of Millais School [2007] ELR at 3 June 2007.
[45] Dogru v France (27058/05) Eur Court HR, Chamber (4 December 2008), 32.
[46] Dogru v France (27058/05) Eur Court HR, Chamber (4 December 2008), 31.
[47] Ingvill Plesner, (2005) ‘The European Court on Human Rights between Fundamentalists and Liberal Secularism. (Paper presented at a seminar on The Islamic Headscarf Controversy and the Future of Freedom of Religion or Belief, Strasbourg, July 2005) at 3 May 2007.
[48] Samantha Knights, ‘Religious Symbols in the School: Freedom of Religion Minorities and Education’ (2005) 25 European Human Rights Law Review 499.
[49] Elaine Thomas, ‘Keeping Identity as a Distance: Explaining France’s New Legal Restrictions on the Islamic Headscarf’ (2006) 29 Ethnic and Racial Studies 2, 237.
[50] R (on the application of Begum) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15, 9–14.
[51] Dogru v France (27058/05) Eur Court HR, Chamber (4 December 2008), 62.
[52] ?ahin v Turkey (44774/98) Eur Court HR, Grand Chamber (10 November 2005), 114
[53] Dogru v France (27058/05) Eur Court HR, Chamber (4 December 2008), 72.
[54] M Todd Parker, ‘The Freedom to Manifest Religious Belief: An Analysis of the ICCPR and the ECHR’ (2006) 17 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 91, 91.
[55] It is not the purpose nor is it within the scope of this article to give due consideration to a comprehensive discussion on secularism. For a thorough discussion on this matter see Michel Troper, ‘French Secularism or Laïcité’ (2000) 2 Cardozo Law Review 1269
[56] Nicholas Gibson, ‘An Unwelcome Trend: Religious Dress and Human Rights Following Leyla Sahin v Turkey’ (2007) 25(4) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 616.
[64] Dogru v France (27058/05) Eur Court HR, Chamber (4 December 2008), 66, ?ahin v Turkey (44774/98) ECHR, Grand Chamber (10 November 2005), 114.
[65] For a comprehensive and insightful discussion on secularism in different states, see Aernout Nieuwenhuis, ‘State and Religion, Schools and Headscarves, An Analysis of the Margin of Appreciation as Used in the Case of Leyla ?ahin v Turkey’ (2005) 1 European Constitutional Law Review 495.
[66] Justin Vaïsse, Veiled Meaning: The French Law Banning Religious Symbols in Public Schools (2004) The Brookings Institution at 7 November 2006
[67] Dahlab v Switzerland (2001) V Eur Court HR 449, 15
[68] ?ahin v Turkey (44774/98) Eur Court HR, Grand Chamber (10 November 2005), 111.