INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

THE NOVELTY OF THE CRIMINAL LAWS – AN OVERVIEW BY - NISHA KANDARI

Authors : NISHA KANDARI

Registration ID : 106953 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6953

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nisha.kandari@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-76778687/THE NOVELTY OF THE CRIMINAL LAWS – AN OVERVIEW

CONSEQUENCES OF VIKASH KUMAR VS UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION AND ARNAB ROY VERSUS CONSORTIUM OF NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITIES & ANR. FOR THE DISABLED COMMUNITY. BY - KANGAN CHAWLA

Authors : KANGAN CHAWLA

Registration ID : 106952 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6952

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : kangan140@gmail.com

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NATIONAL SECURITY THREAT IN CYBERSPACE BY - ANANT KUMAR

Authors : ANANT KUMAR

Registration ID : 106951 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6951

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : anantkumar25062001@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-94993743/NATIONAL SECURITY THREAT IN CYBERSPACE

DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS BY - JOY M G

Authors : JOY M G

Registration ID : 106950 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6950

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : joymanthra@yahoo.co.uk

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-22714244/DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS

FROM BENCH TO BROWSER: NAVIGATING THE TERRAIN OF INKLESS JUDGEMENTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY BY - BANSHIKA GUPTA & PRIYANSHI CHAKRABORTY

Authors : BANSHIKA GUPTA & PRIYANSHI CHAKRABORTY

Registration ID : 106948 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6948 & IJLRA6949

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : guptavanshika581@gmail.com & priyanshi.1042004@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-74235654/FROM BENCH TO BROWSER: NAVIGATING THE TERRAIN OF I

AN ANALYSIS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA BY: SWATI MISHRA

Authors : SWATI MISHRA

Registration ID : 106947 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6947

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : swati2002.sam@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-17847335/AN ANALYSIS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING WITH REFERENC

PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR TRANSGENDERS COMMUNITY IN INDIA BY: GOURIKA AGANPAL

Authors : GOURIKA AGANPAL

Registration ID : 106946 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6946

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : gourika12@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-91213697/PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR TRANSGENDERS COMMUNITY IN INDI

ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICAL FIELD BY - DHIVYA T

Authors : DHIVYA T

Registration ID : 106945 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6945

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : divyathandavarayan1996@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-23622215/ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLI

INDIA & FREEDOM OF RELIGION BY - B.R. BENCI JERALD

Authors : B.R. BENCI JERALD

Registration ID : 106944 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6944

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : bencijerald121@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-68555199/INDIA & FREEDOM OF RELIGION

THE FUNCTION OF THE FEDERAL COURT IN BRITISH INDIA. BY - MR. SUBHAJIT DAS

Authors : MR. SUBHAJIT DAS

Registration ID : 106943 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6943

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : subhajitdas96025@icloud.com

Page No : 12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-97226252/THE FUNCTION OF THE FEDERAL COURT IN BRITISH INDIA

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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[1] Vikash Kumar vs Union Public Service Commission 2020 SCC OnLine SC 1119

[2] Arnab Roy Versus Consortium of National Law Universities & Anr 2023 SCC OnLine SC 484

[3] Angelica Guevara, The Need to Reimagine Disability Rights Law Because the Medical Model of Disability Fails Us All, 2021 Wis. L. REV. 269 (2021).

[4] Tom Shakspeare, DISABILITY RIGHTS AND WRONGS REVISITED 106 (2d ed. 2014) ("What divides disabled from non-disabled people, in [the social model] formulation, is the imposition of social oppression and social exclusion.").

[5] Some of the phrases that the Supreme Court condemns the use of are “suffering” when referring to someone's disability and “normal life” when referring to an able bodied person’s life.

[6] 3.1 JCLJ (2022) 1327 Principle of Reasonable Accommodation: A Solution for Communal Disharmony

[7] Vikash Kumar vs Union Public Service Commission 2020 SCC OnLine SC 1119

[8] Justice Sunanda Bhandare Foundation v. Union of India (2018) 2 SCC 397

[9] Karnataka State Law University Vs. Krishna Writ Appeal No. 722 OF 2023

^{^[1]}Student, BB. A LL. B-3rd Year, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), New Law College, Pune

[2] Kathan Patel and Dhaval Chudasama, National Security Threat in Cyberspace: Available at Law journal (Volume 4, Issue 1, 2021). Also available at (PDF) National Security Threats in Cyberspace (researchgate.net)

[3] Abhi and Niyu.[Abhi and Niyu](2023,9jun).Why India needs cybersecurity. YouTube

.https://youtu.be/pWpqj1GlDJI?si=UhsrrXNkjOBqFzl1

[4] Bharat Sharma, What’s Happening at AIIMS After Sensitive Ransomware Attack? (2 DEC 2022) available at Explained: What's Happening At AIIMS After Sensitive Ransomware Attack? (indiatimes.com)

[5] Bharat Sharma, What’s Happening at AIIMS After Sensitive Ransomware Attack? (2 DEC 2022) available at Explained: What's Happening At AIIMS After Sensitive Ransomware Attack? (indiatimes.com)

[6] Divyanshi sharma, Received an email about YouTube changing its policies? It might be a phishing attempt, do not fall for it. Available at Received an email about YouTube changing its policies? It might be a phishing attempt, do not fall for it - India Today

[7] Tony Bradely, New Report Highlights Concerning Trends For Cyberwarfare available at FORBES, New Report Highlights Concerning Trends For Cyberwarfare (forbes.com)

[9] IANS, Cyber-attacks: India among top 3 most-affected nations in Asia in 2021 available at business standard(24 FEB 2022) Cyber attacks: India among top 3 most-affected nations in Asia in 2021 (business-standard.com)

[11] India's Cybersecurity Challenge: Threats and Strategies (26 dec 2023) . available at India's Cybersecurity Challenge: Threats and Strategies (drishtiias.com)

[1] Ambika Prasad v.State of U P ,AIR 1980 SC 1762 .

[2] Jayant Verma v.Union of India.AIR 2018 SC 1079.

[3] Arasmeta Captive Power Co.Pvt.Ltd v.Lafarage India Pvt.Ltd AIR 2014 SC 525 at pp 535,536.

[4] Union of India v.Pfizer Ltd.AIR 2018 SC 265 p 279.

[2] “Digitalization of Indian Judiciary – A Necessity or A Luxury?” (Law Insider India, September 16, 2021) https://www.lawinsider.in/columns/digitalization-of-indian-judiciary-a-necessity-or-a-luxury

[4] Tiwari RK and Singh A, “Digitalization -The New Era of Indian Judiciary” (ResearchGate, January 1, 2020) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346530267_Digitalization_-The_New_Era_of_Indian_Judiciary

[6] “E-Courts Mission Mode Project | Official Website of e-Committee, Supreme Court of India | India” https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/project/brief-overview-of-e-courts-project/

[7] “E-Initiatives | Official Website of e-Committee, Supreme Court of India | India” https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/project/e-initiatives-cg/

[8] “Phase-III | Department of Justice | India” https://doj.gov.in/phase-iii/

^{^[1]} Tamil Nadu Electricity workers Federation v. Madras Electricity Board, AIR 1965 Madras 111.

^{^[2]} Srivastava Sc, Industrial Relations and Labour Laws, 4th edition,2000

^{^[3]} https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/collective-bargaining.asp

^{^[4]} https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/article/wcms_173298.pdf

^{^[5]} F.H Harbison, Goals and strategy in collective bargaining, (Harper and Bros, 1951).

^{^[6]} International Labour Office, Collective Bargaining (a worker’s education Manual), in (1960) p.3.

^{^[7]} C.S Golden, causes of industrial peace under collective bargaining,USA, the national planning association,1949.

^{^[8]} https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/24700/1/Unit-9.pdf

^{^[9]} Collective Bargaining, A workers’ education manual,1960)

^{^[10]} https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-12092-efficacy-of-collective-bargaining-and-worker-s-association.html#:~:text=Collective Bargaining enhances workers' voices,trade union effectively represent workers.

^{^[11]} Government of India, second five year plan (1956) p. 574.

^{^[12]} Srivastava sc, Industrial Relations and Labour Laws, 4th elm, Vikas Publishing house 2004

[3] https://lexpeeps.in/transgender-property-rights/

[4] https://lexpeeps.in/transgender-property-rights/

[5] https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/national-legal-services-authority-vs-union-of-india#:~:text=The%20Court%20held%20that%20in,the%20rights%20of%20the%20community.

[6] https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/national-legal-services-authority-vs-union-of-india#:~:text=The%20Court%20held%20that%20in,the%20rights%20of%20the%20community.

[8] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018): Section 377 provides punishment for unnatural offences, and this impediment was used as an instrument to harass them. Due to their relatively insignificant numbers, they were less noticed. However, the Supreme Court, in this case, decriminalized the so called “unnatural offences” under the Section.

[9] The Supreme Court ruled that transgender people should be recognized as third gender and must be allowed to enjoy all the Fundamental Rights.

[1] The author is working as an Assistant Professor at School of Excellence In Tamilnadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University,Chennai.

[2] An AI application under development in Nigeria, aims to address SDG 3.2 by 2030 (it ends preventable deaths of newborns and children under five years of age)

[3] UK Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare and research, http://nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/Artificial-Intelligence-AI-in-healthcare-and-research.pdf; 2018 [accessed 01.02.2024].

[4] IBM. IBM Watson for oncology, https://www.ibm.com; 2020 [accessed 03.02.24].

[5] Brown J. IBM Watson reportedly recommended cancer treatments that were ‘unsafe and incorrect’. Gizmodo, https://gizmodo.com/ibm-watson-reportedly-recommended-cancer-treatments-tha-1827868882; 2018 [accessed 05.02.24].

[6] Figure Eight. What is training data?, https://www.figure-eight.com/resources/what-is-training-data; 2020 [accessed 05.02.2024].

[7] Short E. It turns out Amazon’s AI hiring tool discriminated against women. Silicon Repub, https://www.siliconrepublic.com/careers/amazon-ai-hiring-tool-women-discrimination; [accessed 05.02.2024].

[1] Advocate Practicing in Madras High Court. Has completed her Masters in Constitutional and Human rights in School of Excellence in Law, Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University.

[5] Commissioner of H.R.E. v. Lakshmindra, A.I.R. 1954. S.C. 282 at 290

[7] See Donald Eugene Smith, India as A Secular State, (1963). The term secularism implies three things in most Western democracies: freedom of religion, equal citizenship to each citizen regardless of his or her religion, and the separation of religion and state.

[8] Secularism in India “means equal treatment of all religions.” SMITH. “Religion in India continues to assert its political authority in matters of personal law.”

[9] Per Ayyangar Jin Syedna taher Saifuddin Saheb v. State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 853

[10] He was a member of Constituent Assembly of India. He was also a member of parliament representing nabadwip, West Bengal.

[11] Constituent Assembly Debates, 6 December, 1948; available at http://www.parliamentofIndia.nic.in/Is/debates/vol.17p.20html.

[14] Inputs from; The constitution of India, P.M. Bakshi, universal law publications, new delhi.

[15] The Secularism in India, HUBPAGES (June 16, 2016), http://hubpages.com/pol itics/The-Secularism-in-India

[18] Neera Chandhoke, “Why is Secularism Important for India, in Contemporary India: Economy, Society, Politics”. (Neera Chandhoke & Praveen Priyadarshi eds., 2009). . “Secularism, by outstripping freedom and equality, stipulates that the state will maintain an attitude of principled distance from all religious groups. It also contracts that the state would neither align itself with any particular religion, especially the majority religion, nor pursue any religious tasks of its own.”

[19] Cited from European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief, Para 16.

[21] European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief,

[23] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 18; European Convention on Human Rights, Article 9.

[26] United Nations Human Rights Committee General Comment 22.

[27] European Union Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief.

[30] The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of 4 major world popular religions; Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. According to report on 2011 census data, 79.80% of the population of India is Hindu, 14.23% Muslim, 2.30% Christian, 1.72% Sikh, 0.70% Buddhist, and 0.37% Jain.

[31] Emperor King Ashoka, in his teachings to his subjects said that:-“Each one should respect other’s religion. It is both wrong to praise one’s own religion or criticise another’s. If one praises one’s own religion while criticising another’s, one is actually doing greater harm to one’s own religion. Therefore, one should try to understand the main ideas of another’s religion and respect it.”

[32] For more information, see the official SAARC website at http://www.saarc-sec. org/main.php

[33] The Bhutan Constitution 2005, defines Buddhism as the ‘heritage which is spiritual to Bhutan’ and further provides that the head of the State shall be ‘as a Buddhist’ and be as a ‘symbol of unity of the kingdom and the people of Bhutan’. Inputs from Bhutan draft Constitution 2005Articles 2,3.

[34] The Sri Lanka Constitution, under Article 9 it provided that, ‘the foremost place in the Republic of Sri Lanka shall be given to Buddhism and accordingly the State shall have the duty to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana.’.

[35] The Nepal Constitution, under Article 4, provides Nepal to be a ‘independent, indivisible sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican State’. But it define the term ‘secular’ to mean protection of religion and culture being practiced since ancient times and religious and cultural freedom. To note the ancient religion of Nepal was Hinduism and Buddhism.

[36] West Bengal. Which was formerly a province of Pakistan was later made into a Sovereign State in 1971. Bangladesh initially stated that it is a secular State but then eventually it amended its constitution to adopt Islam as its State Religion.

[37] The Constitution of the Republic of Maldives, under Article 2 provides that, “the Maldives is a Sovereign, independent, democratic Republic based on the principles of Islam”.

[38] The Pakistan Constitution in its Article 2 has provided that the ‘State Religion of Pakistan shall be Islam’. Further in Article 31(a), it provided that the steps have to be taken to enable the Muslims in Pakistan, that their lives were to be lived in accordance to the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam and to understand the meaning of life according to the Holy Quran and Sunnah.”

[39] Emphasised in Shodhganga Article: Other Legislative Framework on freedom of religion in India.

[40] Rev. Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1977) 1 SCC 677

[2] The Federal Court in India BY RAI SAHIB B. R. BEOTRA available at: https://www.aironline.in/legal-articles/The+Federal+Court+in+India (Last visited on 02.11.2023 at 10.40 am)

[5]Privy Council and Federal Court: An Overview by JATIN PATIL AND YUVRAJ SHARMA, [ISSN 2581-5369] Volume 5 Issue 2

[12] V.D.Kulshreshtra’s Landmarks in Indian Legal and Constitutional History by B.M.Gandhi, EASTERNBOOK COMPANY, 2004, 7^th Edition , p.g-198

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

THE NOVELTY OF THE CRIMINAL LAWS – AN OVERVIEW BY - NISHA KANDARI

CONSEQUENCES OF VIKASH KUMAR VS UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION AND ARNAB ROY VERSUS CONSORTIUM OF NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITIES & ANR. FOR THE DISABLED COMMUNITY. BY - KANGAN CHAWLA

NATIONAL SECURITY THREAT IN CYBERSPACE BY - ANANT KUMAR

DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS BY - JOY M G

FROM BENCH TO BROWSER: NAVIGATING THE TERRAIN OF INKLESS JUDGEMENTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY BY - BANSHIKA GUPTA & PRIYANSHI CHAKRABORTY

AN ANALYSIS OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA BY: SWATI MISHRA

PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR TRANSGENDERS COMMUNITY IN INDIA BY: GOURIKA AGANPAL

ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICAL FIELD BY - DHIVYA T

INDIA & FREEDOM OF RELIGION BY - B.R. BENCI JERALD

THE FUNCTION OF THE FEDERAL COURT IN BRITISH INDIA. BY - MR. SUBHAJIT DAS

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