INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

IRRETRIVABLE BREAKDOWN OF MARRIAGE THEORY & ITS RELEVANCE IN INDIAN PERSONAL LAWS BY - MANAVI MISHRA

Authors : MANAVI MISHRA

Registration ID : 106932 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6932

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : manavimishra209@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-62951825/IRRETRIVABLE BREAKDOWN OF MARRIAGE THEORY & ITS RE

A STUDY ON CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BY - ASMA ASHRAF

Authors : ASMA ASHRAF

Registration ID : 106931 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6931

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : ashraf.asma717@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-92859755/A STUDY ON CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE CAPITAL PUNISH

ANALYSING SYNERGIES OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE - INSIGHT INTO ADVANCEMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK BY - SAKSHI JAIN

Authors : SAKSHI JAIN

Registration ID : 106930 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6930

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : c.sakshimerlecha@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-83126449/ANALYSING SYNERGIES OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION I

GOVERNOR: A HINDRANCE IN SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF DEMOCRACY BY - KUMAR DHRUVA & UNNATI BALYAN

Authors : KUMAR DHRUVA & UNNATI BALYAN

Registration ID : 106928 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6928 & IJLRA6929

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : footyantickumardhruva@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-62514756/GOVERNOR: A HINDRANCE IN SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF DEM

UNIFICATION OF INDIAN LAWS AND THE HCCH (HAGUE CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW) BY - AASTHA

Authors : AASTHA

Registration ID : 106927 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6927

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aastha.legal1@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-63589557/UNIFICATION OF INDIAN LAWS AND THE HCCH (HAGUE CON

CYBERSTALKING AND WAYS TO PREVENT IT BY: AAYUSHI ARYA

Authors : AAYUSHI ARYA

Registration ID : 106926 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6926

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aayushiarya999@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-12453219/CYBERSTALKING AND WAYS TO PREVENT IT

E-COMMERCE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION BY - D. P. HARITHA SRIVIDHYA, DR. NAGESWARA RAO & P. GAYATHRI

Authors : D. P. HARITHA SRIVIDHYA, DR. NAGESWARA RAO & & P. GAYATHRI

Registration ID : 106919 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6919, IJLRA6920 & IJLRA6973

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : hsdp.soel@gmail.com & drrao1418@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-24667358/E-COMMERCE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION CONCERNING SOCIAL AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA BY - MR. NIRUPAM BHATTACHARYA

Authors : MR. NIRUPAM BHATTACHARYA

Registration ID : 106918 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6918

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nirupam.hlc@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-81323344/ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION CONCERNING SOC

LEGAL OBLIGATIONS ENSURING FAIR INTERNATIONAL TRADE BY - ABHIPSA TEJASWETA

Authors : ABHIPSA TEJASWETA

Registration ID : 106917 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6917

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : 123abhipsatejasweta@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-43455752/LEGAL OBLIGATIONS ENSURING FAIR INTERNATIONAL TRAD

TRANSGENDER RIGHTS IN THE WORKPLACE: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND INCLUSIVITY BY - KHUSHI SINGH

Authors : KHUSHI SINGH

Registration ID : 106916 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6916

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : khushiis046@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-42859639/TRANSGENDER RIGHTS IN THE WORKPLACE: LEGAL CHALLEN

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[2] Mt. Noor Bibi v. Pir Bux, 1949 SCC OnLine Sind CC 1

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^{^[2]} International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 120 No. 5 2018, 911-922

^{^[3]} Op.cit. Capital Punishment in India by Dr. Subhash C. Gupta, 2000, p. 1

^{^[10]}“Macchi Singh and Ors v. State of Punjab AIR 1983 SC 957”.

^{^[12]}“Mahapatro, S. (2013). Rarest of Rare doctrine and Concept of Social Engineering. Journal of international academic research for multidisciplinary - A global society for Multidisciplinary research. Volume 1. Issue 5. ISSN: 2320 5083”.

^{^[13]}“Ramnares and Ors v. State of Chhattisgarh AIR 2012 SC 1357”.

^{^[14]} Op.cit. Capital Punishment in India by Dr. Subhash C. Gupta, 2000, p. 1

^{^[15]} https://www.britannica.com/topic/capital-punishment

^{^[16]} Op.cit. Capital Punishment in India by Dr. Subhash C. Gupta, 2000, p. 1

^{^[17]}“Jagmohan Singh v. State of U.P. AIR 1973 SC 947(958)”.

^{^[18]}“Buckholtz, J. W., and Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression.

Trends Neurosci. 31, 120–129. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006”.

^{^[20]}Nature (MAOA) and Nurture in a Criminal by Julian Highsmith, Mark Mercado, Jose Hernandez, & Susana Madrigal - UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal”.

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*2^nd year law student, School of Law, CHRIST (deemed to be University)

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[7] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/SC-quashes-Arunachal-Governors-order-restores-Tuki-govt.-to-power/article14486816.ece

[1] Out of which 1 is a Regional Economic Integration Organisation i.e., the European Union. Statute of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, 1955 Article 3 (9) states that Regional Economic Integration Organisation means an international organisation that is constituted solely by sovereign States, and to which its Member States have transferred competence over a range of matters, including the authority to make decisions binding on its Member States in respect of those matters.

[2] Contracting Parties refers to parties that have deposited its instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance, or approval and are bound by the Text of the Convention and have to introduce laws in accordance to the Convention in their own countries. Signatories are parties that have deposited the instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance, or approval but do not have to introduce laws in accordance to the Convention in their own countries.

[3] Alternative Channels include diplomatic or consular channels mentioned in Article 8 and 9, and postal channels and direct communications mentioned under Article 10 of the Convention.

[4] The Convention achieves this with two separate and independent systems: (1) Letters of Request and (2) diplomatic officers, consular agents, and commissioners, the former available to all Contracting Parties of the Convention.

[5] This includes prevention of illicit practices, including the abduction, sale of, or traffic in, children.

[6] Core or main Conventions are characterised on the basis of the recent adoption, popularity or practical relevance.

[7] Enunciates a list of things the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands shall give a notice of to the States already Parties to the Convention and to the acceding States.

[8] Convention of 18 March 1970 on the Taking of Evidence abroad in Civil and Commercial Matters, Article 39

[15] Mentioned in notice attached to Report of Justice Rajesh Bindal Committee to Examine The Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Bill, 2016 and The Protection of Children (Inter-Country Removal and Retention) Bill, 2016, issued by Ministry of Women and Child Development on the subject of ‘Accession to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, 1980-reg.’ dated 04-05-2018, https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Hague%20Convention.pdf (last visited Nov. 17, 2023)

[1] HOOVER INSTITUTION, The International Legal Dynamics Of Encryption (October 2016), available at https://www.hoover.org/research/international-legal-dynamics-encryption (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[2] Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Report on encryption, anonymity, and the human rights framework, ¶12, A/HRC/29/32, (May 22, 2015).

[3] Federal Bureau of Investigation, The Lawful Access Challenge, available at https://www.fbi.gov/about/leadershipand-structure/science-and-technology-branch/lawful-access (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[4] Bhairav Acharya, The Short-lived Adventure of India’s Encryption Policy, November 27, 2015, CENTRE FOR INTERNET AND SOCIETY, available at https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/the-short-lived- adventure-ofindia2019s-encryption-policy (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[5] The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.

[6] The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, Rule 4(2).

[8] The Information Technology [Intermediaries Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018 (Draft Rules).

[9] MINISTRY OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Comments Invited on Draft of Intermediary Guidelines, 2018, December 27, 2018, available at https://meity.gov.in/comments-invited-draft- intermediary-rules.

[10] Facebook Inc v. Union of India, (2019) SCC OnLine SC 1717.

[11] J Parthiban v. The Superintendent of Police and Ors W.P. No. 20774/2018 and 20214/2018 Madras High Court; Ezhilarasi v. State, H.C.P.(MD) No. 905 of 2018 Madras High Court.

[12] Anthony Clement Rubin v. Union of India, WP 20774 of 2018; Janani Krishnamurthy v. Union of India, WP 20214 of 2018.; MEDIANAMA (Aditi Agrawal), WhatsApp to Madras HC: Impossible to track the sender of a message because of encryption, June 10, 2019, available at https://www.medianama.com/2019/06/223- whatsapp-to-madrashc-impossible-to-track-the-sender-of-a-message-because-of-encryption/ (Last visited on June 12, 2022)

[13] Anand Venkatnarayanan, Dr Kamakoti’s solution for WhatsApp traceability without breaking encryption is erroneous and not feasible, August 13, 2019, MEDIANAMA, available at https://www.medianama.com/2019/08/223-kamakoti-solution-for-traceability-whatsapp-encryption-madras- anand-venkatanarayanan/ (Last visited on June 12,2022); ECONOMIC TIMES (Megha Mandavia), Digital rights body IFF files IIT-B Prof submission saying traceability on whatsapp vulnerable to falsification, August 25, 2019, available at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/digital-rights-body-iff-files-iit-b-prof- submission-sayingtraceability-on-whatsapp-vulnerable-to-falsification/articleshow/70826842.cms?from=mdr (Last visited on June 12,2022).

[14] Adhoc Committee of the Rajya Sabha, Report of the Adhoc Committee of the Rajya Sabha to Study the Alarming Issue of Pornography on Social Media and its Effect on Children and Society as a Whole (January 25, 2020).

[16] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, Rule 4(2).

[17] Kseniia Ermoshina et al., End-to-end encrypted messaging protocols: An overview. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNET SCIENCE (January 5, 2017).

[18] Nik Unger et al., SoK: secure messaging, 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (2015) ¶10.

[19] Discussion by Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT).

[20] Thomas Brewster, Forget About Backdoors, This Is The Data WhatsApp Actually Hands To Cops, FORBES, January 22, 2017, available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2017/01/22/whatsapp-facebook- backdoorgovernment-data-request/?sh=1c0024531030 (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[21] Joshua Lund, Technology preview: Sealed sender for Signal, SIGNAL BLOG, October 29, 2019, available at https://signal.org/blog/sealed-sender (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[22] Aditi Agrawal & Nikhil Pahwa, IIT Madras's Kamakoti tells MediaNama how WhatsApp traceability is possible without undermining end-to-end encryption, MEDIANAMA, August 8, 2019, available at https://www.medianama.com/2019/08/223-kamakoti-medianama-whatsapp-traceability-interview/ (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[23] Brian Krebs, Why Phone Numbers Stink As Identity Proof, KREBS ON SECURITY, March 17, 2019, available at https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/03/why-phone-numbers-stink-as-identity-proof (Last visited on June 12, 2022); Joseph Cox, A Hacker Got All My Texts for $16, VICE, available at https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3g8wb/hacker-got-my-texts-16-dollars-sakari-netnumber (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[24] The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, Rule 4(2).

[26] Aparna Chandra, Proportionality in India: A Bridge to Nowhere? ,Vol. 3(2), OxHRHJ, 55, (2020); Vrinda Bhandari & Karan Lahiri, The Surveillance State, Privacy and Criminal Investigation in India: Possible Futures in a Post-Puttaswamy World, Vol. 3(2), OxHRHJ, 55, (2020); Malavika Prasad, Aadhaar verdict: SC's majority judgment lacks consistency in logic and reasoning, turns constitutional analysis on its head, FIRSTPOST , September 29, 2018, available at https://www.firstpost.com/india/aadhaar-verdict-scs-majority-judgment-lacks- consistency-in-logic-andreasoning-turns-constitutional-analysis-on-its-head-5284941.html (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[28] Academy Of Nutrition Improvement v.Union Of India, 2011 8 SCC 274.

[30] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2013) 12 SCC 73.

[31] Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government notifies Information Technology (IntermediaryGuidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021, Press Information Bureau, February 25, 2021, available at https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700749 (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[32] Stephan. Lewandowsky et al, Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing, Vol.13(3), PSYCHOL SCI PUBLIC INTEREST, 106–131(2012).

[33] Gurshabad Grover, Tanaya Rajwade & Divyank Katira, The Ministry and the Trace: Subverting End-To End Encryption, 14 NUJS L. Rev. 2 (2021)

[36] ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, Necessary & Proportionate: On the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance, December 2014, available at https://necessaryandproportionate.org/files/en_principles_2014.pdf, (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[38] JUSTICE B.N. SRIKRISHNA COMMITTEE, A Free and Fair Digital Economy – Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians, ¶ 52 (July, 2018); ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, OECD guidelines on the protection of privacy and transborder flows of personal data, available at: http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/oecdguidelinesontheprotectionofprivacyandtransborderflowsofpersonaldata.h tm (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[39] Chinmayi Arun, Paper-Thin Safeguards and Mass Surveillance in India, January 3, 2015, Vol. 26, NLSIR, 105 (2014).

[40] Internet Freedom Foundation v. Union of India, W.P.(C) No.44/2019

[42] State of Tamil Nadu v. P Krishnamurthy, (2006) SCC 517.

[43] Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Education v. Paritosh Bhupesh Kumar Sheth, AIR 1984 SC 1543, ¶21.

[44] National Stock Exchange Member v. Union of India Ors., 2006 70 SCL 151, ¶ 14.

[1] Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer, “The Regional Media and the Democratic Process” Pg. 26 (2008) Madras Law Journal 4 component of democratic government.

[3] Jacob Rowbottom, Media Freedom and Political Debate in the Digital Era, Pg. 491 (2006) 69(4) Modern Law Review 489-513

[4] Jacob Rowbottom, Media Freedom and Political Debate in the Digital Era Pg. 492 (2006) 69(4) MLR 489-513

[5] Sawant P.B. “Tasks for a New Society”, 3 Mainstream Nov. 20, 1999.

[6] Vora Batuk, “Media Manipulation: A Fast-growing Business” Pg. 26 May 14, 1994, Mainstream

[7] www.businessdictionary.com/definition/communication.html (Visited on April 26, 2017)

[8] 14www.merriam-webster.com (Visited on April 26, 2017)

[9] Joseph Turow, Media Today – An Introduction to Mass Communication7 (Routledge, 3rd Ed., 2009)

[10] Jean Folkerts and Stephen Lacy, The Media in your Life – An Introduction to Mass Communication, 24(Pearson Education, 2004)

[11] 17Vivian, The Media of Mass Communication, 27 (Pearson Education, England, 11thedn., 2013)

[12] [Mittal AK “Trial by media and its impact upon judicial trial a critical study” (2016)]

[15] Such is the force of media trial that the judges who are yet to decide the case themselves feel the force of media Available on https://m.timesofindia.com/edit-page/Media-on-trial/articleshow/1460248.cms (Visited on 15.1.2024)

[1] Mishra, Akanksha. "Third Gender Rights: The Battle for Equality." 2016, https://doi.org/10.12728/culj.9.2.

[3] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

[4] Transgender Persons and Labour Law: A Grey Area. https://www.simpliance.in/blog/transgender-persons-andlabour-law/

[5] Sigurdsson, Lakshmi, and Kirsten M. Andersen. "Human Rights Education and the Conscience of Mankind: Developing Didactics of Perplexity." 2022. ⁶ NALSA v. Union of India - AIR 2014 SC 1863.

[9] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 21.

[10] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

[11] India?: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2029 provides for inclusive education & opportunities without discrimination. (2023, August 2). MENA Report.

[12] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 3(c).

[13] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 5.

[14] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 9.

[15] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 10. ¹⁸Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 11. ¹⁹Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.

[16] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

[17] Anamika Vv. Union of India, W.P.(C) 4356/2020.

[19] G Nagalakshmi v. Director General of Police ((2014) 7 MLJ 452). ²⁴Puttaswamy v. Union of India – (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[21] Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, Section 3(o).

IRRETRIVABLE BREAKDOWN OF MARRIAGE THEORY & ITS RELEVANCE IN INDIAN PERSONAL LAWS BY - MANAVI MISHRA

A STUDY ON CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BY - ASMA ASHRAF

ANALYSING SYNERGIES OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE - INSIGHT INTO ADVANCEMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK BY - SAKSHI JAIN

GOVERNOR: A HINDRANCE IN SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF DEMOCRACY BY - KUMAR DHRUVA & UNNATI BALYAN

UNIFICATION OF INDIAN LAWS AND THE HCCH (HAGUE CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW) BY - AASTHA

CYBERSTALKING AND WAYS TO PREVENT IT BY: AAYUSHI ARYA

E-COMMERCE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION BY - D. P. HARITHA SRIVIDHYA, DR. NAGESWARA RAO & P. GAYATHRI

ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION CONCERNING SOCIAL AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA BY - MR. NIRUPAM BHATTACHARYA

LEGAL OBLIGATIONS ENSURING FAIR INTERNATIONAL TRADE BY - ABHIPSA TEJASWETA

TRANSGENDER RIGHTS IN THE WORKPLACE: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND INCLUSIVITY BY - KHUSHI SINGH

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IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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