INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

ELECTRICITY THEFT IN INDIA- LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES BY - DR. DEEPTI SINGLA

Authors : DR. DEEPTI SINGLA

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NAVTEJ SINGH JOHAR V. UNION OF INDIA: A MILESTONE FOR LGBTQ+ 6 SEPTEMBER 2018 AIR 2018 BY - PRABHJOT SINGH CHAHAL

Authors : PRABHJOT SINGH CHAHAL

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JUVENILLE JUSTICE AND REHABILATION SYSTEM IN INDIA BY - KHUSHI OLA

Authors : KHUSHI OLA

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VISHAKA & ORS. V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN. AND PROCESS OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESS BY - SHETA JANVI VINOD

Authors : SHETA JANVI VINOD

Registration ID : 107051 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7051

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DIGITAL SIGNATURE UNDER THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT 2000, WITHIN THE SPHERE OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW - AN APPRAISAL OF ITS LEGALITIES BY - STUTI SHARMA

Authors : STUTI SHARMA

Registration ID : 107050 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7050

Year : March-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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DESTITUTE WOMEN AND WIDOWS – ARE THEY BETTER POSITIONED IN OUR COUNTRY? BY - NAGASWETHA S

Authors : NAGASWETHA S

Registration ID : 107049 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7049

Year : March-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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ENRICA LEXIE – JUSTICE DELIVERED OR NOT? BY - B. APARNA SUNDAR

Authors : B. APARNA SUNDAR

Registration ID : 107048 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7048

Year : March-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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FROM PERSECUTION TO PROTECTION: THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE FOR LGBTQ+ MIGRANTS WORLDWIDE. BY - NIRALI NAYAK & DEBASMITA SAHA

Authors : NIRALI NAYAK & DEBASMITA SAHA

Registration ID : 1070458 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7046 & IJLRA7047

Year : March-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-61654566/FROM PERSECUTION TO PROTECTION: THE LEGAL LANDSCAP

ONLINE BANKING FRAUD BY - RUGVED JAGTAP

Authors : RUGVED JAGTAP

Registration ID : 107045 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7045

Year : March-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : rugved2103@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-31526499/ONLINE BANKING FRAUD

THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013: INDUCTION OF BALANCE FOR BUSINESS AND CRIMINALITY BY - INDRANI MUKHERJEE

Authors : INDRANI MUKHERJEE

Registration ID : 107044 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7044

Year : March-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : mukherjee.law05@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2024-77953235/THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013: INDUCTION OF BALANCE FOR

International journal for legal research and analysis

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[1] This anonymous quote highlights the detrimental effects of electricity theft on society, the economy, and the environment.

[2] Punishments for Electricity Theft In India, available at Electricity Theft Offences Punishments for In India- iPleaders (last visited March 15, 2024)

[3] “Whosoever commits the theft of electricity by tapping the wires, damaging the meter, tampering the meter or makes unauthorised use of the electricity, his/her actions shall amount to theft”.

[4] "State Commission" means the State Electricity Regulatory Commission constituted under sub-section (1) of section 82 and includes a Joint Commission constituted under sub-section (1) of section 83 of the Electricity Act, 2003.

[5] The use of block chain technology for secure and transparent recording of electricity transactions also reduces the risk of tampering or fraud. However, the implementation of such technological solutions may vary across different regions and utility companies due to factors such as cost, infrastructure, and technological readiness.

[7] This anonymous quote highlights the detrimental effects of electricity theft on society, the economy, and the environment, emphasizing the importance of addressing this issue through legal, technological, and socio-economic interventions.

· [1] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 377, No. 45 of 1860, India.

· [2] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 377, No. 45 of 1860, India.

· [3] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 377, No. 45 of 1860, India.

· [4] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 76 of 2016, Supreme Court of India (2018).

[1] Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2

[2] Added by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 2.

³ Ins. by the Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-1-2006).

[4] Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 2 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).

^{^[5]} (No date) Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan & Ors. Available at: https://judicateme.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Vishaka-v.-State-of-Rajasthan-Ors..pdf (Accessed: 12 March 2024).

[6] A .I. R 1997 S. C. 3011, 1997 6 SSC 241, JT 1997 (7) SC 384

^{^[7]} Lakhe, A. (2020) Case summary: Vishaka & others vs. state of Rajasthan, LawLex.Org. Available at: https://lawlex.org/lex-bulletin/case-summary-vishaka-others-vs-state-of-rajasthan/19202 (Accessed: 12 March 2024).

[8] Admin (2023) Examination of witness and cross examination - legal vidhiya, Legal Vidhiya -. Available at: https://legalvidhiya.com/examination-of-witness-and-cross-examination/ (Accessed: 12 March 2024).

[1] Hanscom B, Digital Signature Impact , INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW NETWORK, (September 15, 2010, 9:05 AM) https://www.academia.edu/37640493/A_Study_on_Importance_of_Digital_Signature.

[2] Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Singh, Constitutionality and Evidentiary value of digital signature, 55 INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 259, (2013).

[3] Abhudaya A, Prithwajit G., Use of digital signature in public interest, 26 SINGLE PROCESSING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 125, (2015).

[4] Payal Saha, Digital Signature Analysis, 29 DIGITAL SYSTEM AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW

JOURNAL 135, (2013).

[15] Mridul Kumar, An analysis of electronic signature in information technology, 16 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE JOURNAL 2453, (2010).

[16] Vinayak Singh, Use of cryptography system in public interest, 25 DIGITAL SYSTEM AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 125, (2015).

[17] Prashant Singh, Digital and Evidentiary value of digital signature, 45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 259, (2013).

[18] Dhruv Mukerjee , Digital Signature and electronic signature legal Impact , ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE AND TECHNOLOGY, (July 10, 2009, 8:10 AM) https://www.ijcsmc.com.

[19] Prashant Singh, Digital and Evidentiary value of digital signature, 45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 259, (2013).

[20] Prasanna Kumar, An analysis of digital signature in information technology, 13 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL SIGNATURE JOURNAL 2245, (2001).

[21] Sawant Jain , Brief of electronic signature in information technology, 10 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE JOURNAL 2353, (2009).

[22] Prasanna Kumar, An analysis of digital signature in information technology, 13 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL SIGNATURE JOURNAL 2245, (2001).

[23] Piyush Rai, An analysis of digital certificate in information technology, 20 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE JOURNAL 2453, (2013).

[24] Rakesh Bhagat, Brief of Section 67A and the evidentiary value of digital signature, 45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 295, (2015).

[25] Yogesh Goel, Information on the certifying authority system, 29 DIGITAL SYSTEM AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 135, (2013).

[1] Vishal Jeet V Union of India, (1990) 3 S.C.C 318 (India).

[2] Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, No. 78, Acts of Parliament, 1956 (India).

[4] Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987, No. 3, Acts of Parliament, 1987 (India).

[5] Widow Remarriage Act, 1856, No. XV, Acts of Parliament, 1856 (India).

[6] Hindu Succession Act, 1956, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 1956 (India).

[7] Mt. Anarajia vs Tengari Kabar And Anr, A.I.R 1962 Pat 65 (India).

[8] D.F. Mulla, Mulla’s Hindu Law 796 (13^th ed. 1966).

[9] Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, No. 78, Acts of Parliament, 1956 (India).

[10] Raj Kishore Mishra v Meena Mishra, A.I.R 1995 All 70 (India).

[11] Pramila And Ors. vs Sarvar Khan And Ors, A.I.R 2003 ACJ 542 (India).

[12] Hindu Succession Act, 1956, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 1956 (India).

[13] Chinnappa Goundar And Anr v Valliammal, A.I.R 1969 Mad 187 (India).

[14] Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, No. 43, Acts of Parliaments, 2006 (India).

[15] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, No. 2, Acts of Parliament, 1974 (India).

[16] Shamima Farooqui V Shahid Khan, A.I.R 2015 SC 2025 (India).

[17] Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937, No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1937 (India).

[18] Indian Succession Act, 1925, No 39, Acts of Parliament, 1925(India).

[19] ANI, International Widows’ Day: What it’s like to be ‘vidhava’ in India, India.com (Jun. 23, 2016 9:43 AM), https://www.india.com/news/india/international-widows-day-what-its-like-to-be-vidhava-in-india-1280901

[1] The ‘Enrica Lexie’ Incident (Italy v. India), Provisional Measures, https://www.itlos.org/en/main/cases/list-of-cases/case-no-24/ (last visited October 16, 2022).

[2] The ‘Enrica Lexie’ Incident (Italy v. India), https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/117/ (last visited October 15, 2022).

[3] The Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and Other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (India)

[4] The Notification of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic of India, No. S.O. 671(E), dated 27 August 1981 (India)

[5] Republic of Italy v Union of India (2013) 4 SCC 721

[7] R. Krishnakumar, Enrica Lexie case: Justice denied, Frontline, (November 24, 2022, 12:32 PM), https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article31987157.ece

[1] UN Women uses both “LGBTIQ+” and “diverse SOGIESC” where appropriate in global contexts.

[3]Paper from Los Angeles Pierce College, and University of Salford

[6] Lorinda Venter, LGBTQIA+ rights in South Africa, International Bar Association

[7] 11 October 2018, A Double Challenge: LGBTI Refugees and Asylum Seekers in South Africa

[8]This ensures non-discrimination for those of all sexual orientations and gender identities under “other status” of Article 2 in General Comment

[9] International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). (2013). United Nations Treaty-Based Bodies – CEDAW, Paper on London School of Economics and Political Science

[1] Sneha Kulkarni '10 types of banking frauds in India customers should know about' (The Economic Times, 25 March 2022)

(last accessed 28 January 2024)

[3] “Understanding Skimming and How to Prevent It” ://www.flagright.com/post/understanding-skimming-and-how-to- prevent-it> (Accessed on: 26 January 2024)

[4] “Wire Fraud Laws: Overview, Definition and Examples” (Investopedia, November 3, 2023)

://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wirefraud.asp> (Accessed on 30 January 2024)

[5] Peterson, K. (no date) 5 tips to prevent online fraud, Banner Bank. Available at: ://www.bannerbank.com/financial- resources/blog/tips-to-prevent-online-fraud> (Accessed: 30 January 2024).

[6] Sarit, “What Is a Vishing Attack | Examples & Prevention | Imperva” ://www.imperva.com/learn/application- security/vishing-attack/> (Accessed on: 27 January 2024)

[7] Simister A, “How to Recognize Phishing Attacks and 10 Ways to Avoid Them” (Lepide Blog: A Guide to IT Security, Compliance and IT Operations, January 31, 2024) ://www.lepide.com/blog/10-ways-to-prevent-phishing-attacks/amp/> (Accessed on: 27 January 2024)

[8] Us_Jporta, “Social Media Impersonation: What Is It? How to Stop It” (Red Points, December 21, 2023)

://www.redpoints.com/blog/social-media-impersonation-what-is-it-how-to-stop-it/> (Accessed on 29 January 2024)

[9] “Inside the Rise of Bank Fraud in India - IDFY” (IDfy, January 23, 2024) ://www.idfy.com/blog/inside-the-rise-of-bank- fraud-in-india/> (Accessed on 29 January 2024)

[10] 'Major Bank Frauds in India: A Deep Dive into the Deceptions and Loopholes' (test book, 28 August 2023)

(last accessed 29 January 2024)

[11] Ruchi Gupta 'Electronic Banking Frauds: The Case of India' (ResearchGate, September 2023)

://www.researchgate.net/publication/291297679_A_Proposed_Framework_to_Prevent_Financial_Fraud_through_ATM_Ca rd_Cloning.> (last accessed 29 January 2024)

^{^[1]}* 4th Year Student, BA.LLB(H), Xavier Law School, XIM University Bhubaneswar

^{^[2]} Vol 7 Ahmad Siddique,Criminology,Penology And Victimology 73 (2021)

^{^[3]} OECD April 1999, Available at http:i/wwv.oecd.org/dataoecdI41 2:2956774pdf .This OECDs definition is consistent with the one presented by Cadbury [1992, page 15]. OECD Committee also linked good governance to participatory development, human rights and emocrarisation, and identified the rule of law, public sector management, controlling corruption and ucmg excessive military expenditure as important dimensions of good governance.

^{^[4]} Bharat Patel,Corporate Crimes in India and Corporate Criminal Liability under Legal System,vol 5,IJARD,41,2020,https://www.multidisciplinaryjournal.net/assets/archives/2020/vol5issue4/5-4-18-692.pdf

^{^[6]} Erathi Anudeep,Corporate Criminal Liability: Analysis with respect to Indian Penal Laws,vol 12,IJCRT,4,https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2402049.pdf

^{^[8]} Kunal Kaushik Kally, A Critical Study on Corporate Criminal Liability with Special Reference to US and Indian Laws, vol 6, SSRN, (January 23, 2020).

^{^[10]} Celia Wells,Corporations and Criminal Responsibility 1 (2001)

^{^[11]} Sally simpson, Corporate Crime, Law and Social Responsibility 6 (2002)

^{^[12]} Indian legislature has sought to address this problem, at least partially, by prescribing that personal attendance may be dispensed with only in a summons case, if allowed by the Magistrate under S. 205 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Act 2 of 1974).

^{^[13]} David Ormerod, Smith and Hogan’s Criminal Law 234 (2005)

^{^[14]} Id., at 235. eg., a company cannot very well be a principal offender in rape even today as it requires a very specific and subjective state of mind which is perhaps impossible to attribute to a corporation.

^{^[15]} Shouvik Kr. Guha & Abhyudaya Agarwal, Criminal Liability Of Corporations: Does The Old Order Need To Change? eg., a company cannot very well be a principal offender in rape, although whether a corporation could aid or abet a rape is a different point altogether lying beyond pertinence at this juncture,

^{^[18]} Sunil Chandra Banerji v. Krishna Chandra Nath, AIR 1949 Cal 689; Punjab National Bank v. A. R. Gonsalyes, Bunder Inspector, Karachi Port Trust AIR 1951 Sind 142.

^{^[19]} Kartick Chandra v. Harsha Mukhi Dasi AIR 1943 Cal 345 (FB) and Darbari Lal v. Dnaram Wati, AIR 1957 All 541, relied on in State of Maharashtra v. Syndicate Transport, AIR 1965 Bom 195

^{^[20]} State of Maharashtra v. Syndicate Transport, AIR 1965 Bom 195 (not holding the company liable because the said act was committed by a “…mere shareholder who was only a stranger so far as the administration of the company was concerned”).

^{^[21]} One can refer to the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, No.37 of 1954, §17, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, No. 46 of 1973, §68, Income Tax Act, No. 43 of 1961, §278B

^{^[23]} Government of India, February 2023, Speech of Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance, available at

, last accessed on 11 March, 2024.

^{^[25]} Black’s Law Dictionary 473 (9^th ed. 2009).

^{^[26]} Boost to Ease of Doing Business and Investment in the country – Decriminalization of offences under the Companies Act, 2013, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, available at https://transformingindia.mygov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Ease-of-doing-business-eng.pdf , last accessed on 11 March 2024.

^{^[29]} Australian Commonwealth Crimes Act §4B (3). The provision stipulates that if a corporate body is convicted of an offence, the court may impose a pecuniary penalty equal to five times the amount which may be imposed on a natural person convicted of the same offence.

^{^[30]} Ministry of Corporate Affairs, November 2019, Report of the Company Law Committee, p. 15, available at https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/CLCReport_18112019.pdf, last accessed on 12 March 2024.

^{^[34]} Brent Fisse, Sentencing Options Against Corporations, 1 CRIM. L. FORUM 211 (1990)

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

ELECTRICITY THEFT IN INDIA- LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES BY - DR. DEEPTI SINGLA

NAVTEJ SINGH JOHAR V. UNION OF INDIA: A MILESTONE FOR LGBTQ+ 6 SEPTEMBER 2018 AIR 2018 BY - PRABHJOT SINGH CHAHAL

JUVENILLE JUSTICE AND REHABILATION SYSTEM IN INDIA BY - KHUSHI OLA

VISHAKA & ORS. V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN. AND PROCESS OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESS BY - SHETA JANVI VINOD

DIGITAL SIGNATURE UNDER THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT 2000, WITHIN THE SPHERE OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW - AN APPRAISAL OF ITS LEGALITIES BY - STUTI SHARMA

DESTITUTE WOMEN AND WIDOWS – ARE THEY BETTER POSITIONED IN OUR COUNTRY? BY - NAGASWETHA S

ENRICA LEXIE – JUSTICE DELIVERED OR NOT? BY - B. APARNA SUNDAR

FROM PERSECUTION TO PROTECTION: THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE FOR LGBTQ+ MIGRANTS WORLDWIDE. BY - NIRALI NAYAK & DEBASMITA SAHA

ONLINE BANKING FRAUD BY - RUGVED JAGTAP

THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013: INDUCTION OF BALANCE FOR BUSINESS AND CRIMINALITY BY - INDRANI MUKHERJEE

LAW JOURNAL

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