INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

INSIDER TRADING CHALLENGES IN INDIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH SOLUTIONS FROM THE USA BY - SURAJ PRAKASH

Authors : SURAJ PRAKASH

Registration ID : 106824 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6824

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : surajprakashbhatt@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-63966981/INSIDER TRADING CHALLENGES IN INDIA: A COMPARATIVE

CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE UNCITRAL MODEL LAWS ON E- COMMERCE BY - ARYA ANIL

Authors : ARYA ANIL

Registration ID : 106823 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6823

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aryaanil@law.christuniversity.in

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-54586185/CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE UNCITRAL MODEL LAWS ON E-

STALKING, SUBSEQUENT CRIMES, AND THE RESPONSE OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA. BY: MANJEET SINGH

Authors : MANJEET SINGH

Registration ID : 106822 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6822

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : manjeetchaudhary64@gmail.com

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THE SOCIO ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BY - DR. (ADVOCATE) MD. FAZLUR RAHMAN

Authors : DR. (ADVOCATE) MD. FAZLUR RAHMAN

Registration ID : 106821 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6821

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : tilkamanji@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-99198242/THE SOCIO ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE OF ARTIFI

ANIMAL TESTING REGULATION: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUE BY - RAKSHA GIRISH

Authors : RAKSHA GIRISH

Registration ID : 106820 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6820

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : raksha2702@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-23669765/ANIMAL TESTING REGULATION: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUE

BALANCING ACTS: EXPLORING DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE GOVERNANCE - A WTO PERSPECTIVE BY - SRIJAN MISHRA

Authors : SRIJAN MISHRA

Registration ID : 106819 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6819

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : srijanresearch@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-66782875/BALANCING ACTS: EXPLORING DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN

GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS TO COMBAT SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY BY - REBECCA SARA GEORGE

Authors : REBECCA SARA GEORGE

Registration ID : 106818 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6818

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : georgerebecca902@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-35426612/GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS TO COMBAT SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN I

TOWARDS GENDER-NEUTRAL JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF LEGAL REFORMS FOR EQUITABLE PROTECTION OF MENS RIGHTS IN INDIA BY - DHIRODATTO CHAUDHURI & ROHIT RAJ

Authors : DHIRODATTO CHAUDHURI & ROHIT RAJ

Registration ID : 106816 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6816 & IJLRA6817

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : dhirodattowribhu@gmail.com & rowhitraaz@gmail.com

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LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE BY - VIDUSHI VATS & SHASHI BHUSHAN

Authors : VIDUSHI VATS & SHASHI BHUSHAN

Registration ID : 106814 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6814 & IJLRA6815

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : vidushivats000@gmail.com & shashiroy2000@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-65724189/LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN H

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN SUSTAINABLE BUSSINESS BY - PRAGYA PRIYA

Authors : PRAGYA PRIYA

Registration ID : 106813 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6813

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pragyapriya501@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-49337677/ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN SUSTAINABLE BUSSINESS

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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[3] Chen, Q., Goldstein, I., & Jiang, W. (2003). Price informativeness and investment sensitivity to stock price. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.451322

[4] Verma, R. and Rani, P. (2016). Emerging stock market integration in the post financial crises era: an empirical analysis of the short-term and long-term linkages. Emerging Economy Studies, 2(1), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/2394901516628400

[6] Manchikatla, A. K. and Acharya, R. H. (2017). Insider trading in india – regulatory enforcement. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(1), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2015-0075

[8] White, R. M. (2019). Insider trading: what really protects u.s. investors?. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3320583

[10] (2020). Aggregate insider trading and future market returns in the united states, europe, and asia. international journal of finance & economics, 27(1), 802-821. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2178

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[12] (2007). Insider trading laws and stock price informativeness. ssrn electronic journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.902962

[13] Lakonishok, J. and Lee, I. (2001). Are insider trades informative?. Review of Financial Studies, 14(1), 79-111. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/14.1.79

[14] Iqbal, M. M. and Shijin, S. (2018). Information asymmetry and insider trade profitability in india. Journal of Indian Business Research, 10(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/jibr-05-2017-0059

[15] Al-Haidar, F. (2018). Whistleblowing in kuwait and uk against corruption and misconduct. International Journal of Law and Management, 60(4), 1020-1033. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-05-2017-0119

[16] Fernandes, N. and Ferreira, M. A. (2007). Insider trading laws and stock price informativeness. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.902962

[17] Wasiuzzaman, S. and Lim, K. (2017). Does institutional investors’ monitoring substitute for litigation in curbing insider trading? the case of malaysia. Managerial Finance, 43(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1108/mf-12-2015-0335

[18] Manchikatla, A. and Acharya, R. (2017). Insider trading in india – regulatory enforcement. Journal of Financial Crime, 24(1), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2015-0075

[19] Kwabi, F., Boateng, A., & Adegbite, E. (2019). International equity portfolio investment and enforcement of insider trading laws: a cross-country analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3507771

[20] Esqueda, O., Ngo, T., & Wang, D. (2021). The information content of managerial insider trading: evidence from analyst forecasts. Asian Review of Accounting, 29(3), 332-361. https://doi.org/10.1108/ara-04-2020-0062

[21] Frijns, B., Gilbert, A., & Rad, A. (2011). Do criminal sanctions deter insider trading?. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1785873

[22] Chung, K. and Zhang, H. (2010). Insider trading regulation and market quality: evidence from american depositary receipts. Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies, 39(3), 340-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6156.2010.01013.x

[1] The Author is an LLM student specializing in International trade and Intellectual property law from Christ deemed to be University, Bangalore

[2] Dr. Shivani Arora, Ecommerce, Taxmann, Chapter II – CBCS

[3] ALWD 6th ed. , uncitral model law on electronic commerce, 1(4) Unif. L. Rev. n.s. 716 (1996).

[4] UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, 1 UNIF. L. REV. n.s. 716 (1996).

[1] Babu, Geetha. "Deconstructing Anti-Stalking Laws in India." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 30, 2014, pp. 127-134.

[2] Patel, Rashmi. Stalking in India. LexisNexis, 2020.

[4] Mishra, Archana. "Reviewing Anti-Stalking Law in India." Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, vol. 5, no. 2, 2017, pp. 75-92.

[5] Jaishankar, Karuppannan, and Puthisigamani Kosalai. “Victims of Stalking in India: A Study of Girl College Students in Tirunelveli City.” Temida, vol. 10, no. 4, 2007, pp. 13-21. JSTOR, doi:10.2298/TEM0704013J.

[6] UN Women. “Ending Violence against Women.” UN Women, www.unwomen.org

[7] Thakur, Lakshmi. “Underreporting Stalking Cases in India: A Sociological Analysis.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, 2018, pp. 100–112.

[8] Sarkar, Ipsita. “A Stalking Case Is Reported Every 55 Minutes in India. But It’s Not Seen as Criminal Enough.” The Print, 23 Oct. 2020. A stalking case is reported every 55 minutes in India. But it’s not seen as criminal enough (theprint.in)

[9] https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rise-in-stalking-cases-reported-in-india-activists-and-top-cops-say-underreported-1996086-2022-09-03

[10] PRS Legislative Research. “Justice Verma Committee Report Summary.” PRS India, 23 Jan. 2013, 1359132636--Justice Verma Committee Report Summary_0.pdf (prsindia.org)

[12] Chander, P., & Ali, A. (2013). Stalking laws in India: A critique. Economic and Political Weekly, 48(49), 38-45.

[13] Srivastava, A. K. (2017). Cyber Laws in India: Principles and Practice. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 246-247.

[14] Raut, A. (2017). Stalking in India: A socio-legal analysis. Journal of Indian Law Institute, 59(1), 45-63.

[15] Saxena, A., & Mukherjee, S. (2019). Stalking Laws in India: A Critical Analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal.

[16] Chopra, A. (2018). Stalking in India: Legal Landscape and Reality. Indian Journal of Law and Public Policy, 3(1), 49-72.

[17] Gupta, Sushant. “College Student Kills Self to Complete Task in Blue Whale in Pune.” The Indian Express, 30 July 2019, 1. Accessed 29 Dec. 2023.

[18] Pavan, P. “Hyderabad: Veterinary doctor’s rape and murder has left the entire nation shocked.” Mumbai Mirror, 29 Nov 2019.

[19] Ritu Kohli’s Case: The First Cyber Stalking Case in India.” Cybercrime – A rising threat against women in Contemporary India, Legal Bites, 17 Sep. 2022,

[21] Knoll, James L., and Phillip J. Resnick. “Stalking Intervention: Know the 5 stalker types, safety strategies for victims.” Current Psychiatry, vol. 6, no. 5, 2007, pp. 31-40. PDF .

[22]Brewster, Mary P. Stalking: Psychology, Risk Factors, Interventions, and Law. Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

[23] Davis, Joseph A., editor. Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection: Prevention, Intervention, Threat Assessment, and Case Management. 1st ed., Routledge, 2001.

[24] Tjaden, Patricia, and Nancy Thoennes. “Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey.” National Institute of Justice, Apr.1998 https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles/169592.pdf

[26] Patton, J. M., & Krakow, B. (2002). The effect of stalking on victims. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9(4). https://kar.kent.ac.uk/101594/13/The%20Impact%20of%20Stalking_Storey.pdf

[27] National Crime Records Bureau. “Crime in India - 2019.” Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2019.

[28] National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). "Crime in India 2021. https://ncrb.gov.in/crime-in-india-year-wise.html?year=2021&keyword=

[29] Goyal, Vaibhav. “Priyadarshini Mattoo Case 2006.” Indian Law Portal, Indian Law Portal, 8 July 2020. Priyadarshini Mattoo Case 2006 - Indian Law Portal.

[33] United Nations. "Sustainable Development Goals." 2015. https://sdgs.un.org/goals.

[34] Srivastava, Shubham. “Introduction of Stalking into Indian Legal Regime.” Soo LEGAL, 2 Jan.2021. INTRODUCTION OF STALKING INTO INDIAN LEGAL REGIME | Soo LEGAL.

[35] Keswani, Heena. Cyber Stalking: A Critical Study. Manupatra, 2019.

[36] McEwan, T. E. (2021). Stalking threat and risk assessment. In J. R. Meloy & J. Hoffmann (Eds.), International handbook of threat assessment (pp. 210–234). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190940164.003.0011

[38] Reins, B. A situational crime prevention approach to cyberstalking victimization: Preventive tactics for Internet users and online place managers. Crime Prev Community Saff 12, 99–118 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2009.22.

[40] Mathew, P.J. “Ambiguities in the Criminalization of Stalking in India.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, vol. 10, no. 2, 2015, pp. 163-176.

[41] Pearce, J. “A Study of Legal Outcomes in Stalking Related Homicide Cases in India.” Asian Journal of Criminology, vol. 14, no. 4, 2019, pp. 401-419.

[42] Mukherjee, C. “Locating Domestic Violence in India within the Human Rights Discourse.” Indian Journal of Human Development, vol. 15, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-16. s12905-022-01703-3.pdf.

[43] Dhliwayo, C. “Stalking Victimization in India: An Analysis of Legal Shortcomings.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, vol. 17, no. 1, 2022, pp. 1-18.

[44] Nigam, R. “Policing Cyberstalking in India: Issues and Challenges.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology, vol. 14, no. 2, 2020.

[45] Mander, Harsh. “Nomadic Trajectories: Human Rights Interventions to Curb Violence Against Women in India.” Journal of Human Rights Practice, vol. 10, no. 1, 2018.

[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997667/

[2] ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA VS. A NAGARAJA & ORS. (2014)7 SCC 547

[3] Andrew Linzey, THE ETHICS OF TESTING, in The Global Guide to Animal Protection (Andrew Linzey ed., University of Illinois Press),

[4] https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/sya-iccvam/index.cfm

[5] https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/alternatives

[6] New drugs and clinical trial (Amendment) rules 2023

^{^[1]} F.A Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of The Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, 248, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 2014.

^{^[2]}John Rawls, available at Https://Plato.Stanford.Edu/Entries/Rawls/

^{^[3]} Suresh Sharma, Distributive Justice Under Indian Constitution with Reference To Right To Equality And Property, Deep & Deep Publications, 1989.

^{^[5]} John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, pp. 392-672, Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, 1861.

^{^[6]} Julian Lamont & Christi Favor, Distributive Justice, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (available at, Https://Plato.Stanford.Edu/Entries/Justice-Distributive/.

^{^[7]} Suri Ratnapala, Jurisprudence, 333, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2009.

^{^[8]} Simon Lester, Bryan Mercurio et al., World Trade Law: Text, Materials and Commentary, 56, Hart Publishing, 2d ed., 2012.

^{^[10]} Part V, Proposals For Expansion World Trade And Empowerment, Department of State, Publication 2411, Commercial Policy Series 79.

^{^[11]} Preamble, WTO Agreement: Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 154, 33 I.L.M. 1144 (1994)

^{^[14]} Understanding The WTO, Information and External Relations Division, 5th Ed. 2005, available at https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/understanding_e.pdf

^{^[15]} Report Of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on Most Favored Nation Principle, Japan, available at Http://Www.Meti.Go.Jp/English/Report/Downloadfiles/2010WTO/2-0Overview.Pdf.

^{^[16]} Henrik Horn & Petros C. Mavroidis, “Economic and Legal Aspects of The Most-Favored-Nation Clause”, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, Vol 17 pp. 233–279, 2001.

^{^[18]} Report of the Panel, Japan – SPF Dimension Lumber, L/6470 - 36S/167, available at http://www.sice.oas.org/dispute/gatt/88lumber.asp

^{^[20]} ARTICLE XXIV, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, 1867 U.N.T.S. 187, 33 I.L.M. 1153 (1994).

^{^[21]}Generalized System of Preferences, UNCTD, TD/B/GSP/FORM/2/Rev.1, available at https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbgspform2rev1_en.pdf

^{^[23]} Peter Bossche, The Law And Policy Of The World Trade Organization 42, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

^{^[24]} GATT Article III:8(A); GATT Article III:8(B)

^{^[25]} Https://Www.Wto.Org/English/Thewto_E/Glossary_E/National_Treatment_E.Htm, Oct. 30, 10:00 AM

^{^[28]} U Loewenheim, The Principle of National Treatment In The International Conventions Protecting Intellectual Property, MPI Studies On Intellectual Property, Springer, 2009.

^{^[29]} Frank Müller-Langer, “Does Parallel Trade Freedom Harm Consumers In Small Markets?”, Croatian Economic Survey Vol. 11, pp. 11-41, 2008.

^{^[30]} Http://Www.Who.Int/Medicines/Areas/Policy/Doha_Declaration/En/.

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^{^[32]} Carlos M Correa, Intellectual Property Rights, The WTO and Developing Countries, Zed Books 2000.

^{^[34]} Fink, Carsten, Entering the Jungle of Intellectual Property Rights Exhaustion and Parallel Importation, In Intellectual Property And Development: Lessons From Recent Economic Research, 177, Fink Maskus, Washington, 2005.

^{^[36]} Gervais, Daniel, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, Sweet & Maxwell, 2003.

^{^[38]} Paragraph 5(D) Of the Declaration on The TRIPS Agreement And Public Health, “The Effect Of The Provisions In The TRIPS Agreement That Are Relevant To The Exhaustion Of Intellectual Property Rights Is To Leave Each Member Free To Establish Its Own Regime For Such Exhaustion Without Challenge, Subject To The MFN And National Treatment Provisions Of Articles 3 And 4.”

^{^[39]} Keith E. Maskus Parallel Imports in Pharmaceuticals: Implications For Competition And Prices In Developing Countries, Geneva, Final Report To The World Intellectual Property Organization, 2001.

^{^[40]} Keith E Maskus, and Yongmin Chen, “Parallel Imports in A Model Of Vertical Distribution: Theory, Evidence, And Policy”, PACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Vol 7 No.2, pp. 319-334, 2002.

^{^[41]} Müller-Langer, Frank, “An Analysis of The Welfare Effects Of Parallel Trade Freedom”, Berkeley Electronic Press, German Working Papers In Law And Economics, Vol 9, 2008, available at Http://Www.Bepress.Com/Gwp/Default/Vol2008/Iss1/Art9.

^{^[43]} Ganslandt, Mattias and Keith E. Maskus, “Parallel Imports and The Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products: Evidence from The European Union”, JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS, Vol 23 No. 5, 1035-1057 (2004).

^{^[45]} Alan O Sykes, “TRIPS, Pharmaceuticals, Developing Countries, And the Doha “Solution”, Chicago Journal Of International Law, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 7-68, 2002.

^{^[46]} Richard Schmalensee, “Output and Welfare Implications of Monopolistic Third-Degree Price Discrimination”, AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Vol. 71 No. 1, pp. 242-247, 1981.

^{^[47]} Joan Robinson, Economics of Imperfect Competition, Macmillan, 1933.

^{^[48]} Jacob Arfwedson, Re-importation (Parallel Trade) in Pharmaceuticals, Institute for Policy Innovation: Policy Report #182, July 2004. Available at https://www.ipi.org/docLib/PR182-ParallelTrade.pdf-OpenElement.pdf.

^{^[49]} Jackline I. Nyaga, Implementing Parallel Importation and Licensing Mechanism to Increase Access to Medicines In Kenya, (2009), (Unpublished PhD thesis, Stanford University).

^{^[50]} Kapil Wadhwa V. Samsung Electronics, 2013 (53) PTC 112 (Del.)

^{^[51]} Anna Scheuermann, Parallel Import of Pharmaceuticals in the EU, (2006), (Unpublished Thesis, Lunds University).

^{^[54]} The Least Developed Countries Report, 2007, UNCTAD/LDC/2007, available at https://unctad.org/publication/least-developed-countries-report-2007#:~:text=The%20least%20developed%20countries%20(LDCs,assets%2C%20and%20high%20economic%20vulnerability.

[1] Section 354 in The Indian Penal Code

354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.-Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

^{^[3]}Indian Penal Code (IPC) S. 354A. Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment.

[i][354-A. Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment.—(1) A man committing any of the following acts—

i. physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures; or

ii. a demand or request for sexual favours; or

iii. showing pornography against the will of a woman; or

iv. making sexually coloured remarks, shall be guilty of the offence of sexual harassment.

(2) Any man who commits the offence specified in clause (i) or clause (ii) or clause (iii) of sub-section (1) shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

(3) Any man who commits the offence specified in clause (iv) of sub-section (1) shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.]

[4]

S. 354 B	Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe

Any man who assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of disrobing1 or compelling her to be naked, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

[5] Section 375 in The Indian Penal Code

1[375. Rape.—A man is said to commit “rape” who, except in the case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions:—

(First) — Against her will.

(Secondly) —Without her consent.

(Thirdly) — With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.

(Fourthly) —With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

(Fifthly) — With her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.

(Sixthly) — With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.

(Exception) —Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.] STATE AMENDMENT

(Manipur) —(a) in clause sixthly, for the word “sixteen” substitute the word “fourteen”; and

(b) in the Exception, for the word “fifteen” substitute the word “thirteen”. [Vide Act 30 of 1950, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 16-4-1950) (made earlier than Act 43 of 1983)]. COMMENTS Absence of injury on male organ of accused Where a prosecutrix is a minor girl suffering from pain due to ruptured hymen and bleeding vagina depicts same, minor contradictions in her statements they are not of much value, also absence of any injury on male organ of accused is no valid ground for innocence of accused, conviction under section 375 I.P.C. proper; Mohd. Zuber Noor Mohammed Changwadia v. State of Gujarat, 1999 Cr LJ 3419 (Guj). Penetration Mere absence of spermatozoa cannot cast a doubt on the correctness of the prosecution case; Prithi Chand v. State of Himachal Pradesh, (1989) Cr LJ 841: AIR 1989 SC 702.

[6] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s 3, s 5; The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act, 2019

[7] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s 1(d)

^{^[1]}A Cross-sectional Study of Gender-Based Violence against Men in the Rural Area of Haryana, India, available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6437789/ (Visited on January, 29, 2024)

[2] Male Victims, available at: https://endsexualviolence.org/where_we_stand/male-victims/ (Visited on January, 29, 2024)

[5] Deeptiman Tiwary, “10% of dowry cases false, government plans changes in law” The Times of India,Mar 22, 2015.

[1] The role of artificial intelligence in healthcare: a structured literature review, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-021-01488-9

[2] The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616181/

[3] Artificial Intelligence: How is It Changing Medical Sciences and Its Future?, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7640807/

[4] Legal and Ethical Consideration in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Who Takes Responsibility, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963864/

[5] The rise of artificial intelligence in healthcare applications, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325854/

[6] Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8285156/

[7] Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: 39 Examples Improving the Future of Medicine, https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-healthcare

[14] What is GDPR, the EU’s New Data Protection Law, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/

[15] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500019/

[25] Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332220/

[27] Informed Consent for Clinical Treatment, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307558/

[32] Accessing Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Decision-Making, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8521931/

[36] Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence and Their Potential Solutions in the Healthcare Sector, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908503/

8 B Wylynko, ‘Beyond Command and Control’ in RB Gibson (ed), Voluntary Initiatives: the New Politics of Corporate Greening (Broadview, 1999) 161, 161. 49 European Commission, Communication on Integrated Product Policy, COM(2003)302 final. 50 Hajer, above n 43. 51 Ibid; P Christoff, ‘Ecological Modernisation, Ecological Modernities’ (1996) 5 Environmental Politics 476.[1]

Professor, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University. ** Professor, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University. 1 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis (Island Press, 2005), at www.millenniumassessment.org. 2 Ibid. 3 UNEP, 10 Years After Rio: The UNEP Assessment (UNEP, 2002).

[3][3]4 S Bell and D McGillivray, Environmental Law (5th edn, Blackstone, 2000) 411. 15 See S Kawashima, ‘A Survey of Environmental Law and Policy in Japan’ (1995) 20 North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 231. 16 ZJB Plater, ‘From the Beginning, A Fundamental Shift of Paradigms: A Theory and Short History of Environmental Law?’ (1994) 27 Loyola of Los Angeles L Rev 981, 1003. 17 Eg G Teubner, ‘Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law’ (1983) 17 L & Society Rev 239, 240, 253–4; Abbot, ch 3, this vol. 18 E Orts, ‘Reflexive Environmental Law’ (1995) 89 Northwestern University L Rev 1227, 1257. 19 Bell and McGillivray, above n 14, 177–89 (discussing the nature of environmental regulation from a UK perspective).

[4] 4 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development (2002), UN Doc A/CONF.199/20, at 1, para 13. 5 See the reports of the European Environment Agency at www.eea.eu.int. 6 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Living Beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human WellBeing (Statement from the Board) (pre-publication draft, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) 2.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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