INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

BALANCING ACTS: EXPLORING DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE GOVERNANCE - A WTO PERSPECTIVE BY - SRIJAN MISHRA

Authors : SRIJAN MISHRA

Registration ID : 106819 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6819

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : srijanresearch@gmail.com

Page No : 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-66782875/BALANCING ACTS: EXPLORING DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN

GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS TO COMBAT SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY BY - REBECCA SARA GEORGE

Authors : REBECCA SARA GEORGE

Registration ID : 106818 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6818

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : georgerebecca902@gmail.com

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TOWARDS GENDER-NEUTRAL JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF LEGAL REFORMS FOR EQUITABLE PROTECTION OF MENS RIGHTS IN INDIA BY - DHIRODATTO CHAUDHURI & ROHIT RAJ

Authors : DHIRODATTO CHAUDHURI & ROHIT RAJ

Registration ID : 106816 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6816 & IJLRA6817

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : dhirodattowribhu@gmail.com & rowhitraaz@gmail.com

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LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE BY - VIDUSHI VATS & SHASHI BHUSHAN

Authors : VIDUSHI VATS & SHASHI BHUSHAN

Registration ID : 106814 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6814 & IJLRA6815

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : vidushivats000@gmail.com & shashiroy2000@gmail.com

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ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN SUSTAINABLE BUSSINESS BY - PRAGYA PRIYA

Authors : PRAGYA PRIYA

Registration ID : 106813 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6813

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pragyapriya501@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-49337677/ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN SUSTAINABLE BUSSINESS

EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS OF HACKING: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF WHITE-HAT, BLACK-HAT, AND GRAY-HAT PRACTICES BY - MS. NIDHI DUTIA & DR. JAYASHREE KHANDARE

Authors : MS. NIDHI DUTIA & DR. JAYASHREE KHANDARE

Registration ID : 106811 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6811 & IJLRA6812

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nidhidutia2003@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2025-33531341/EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS OF HACKING: A COMPREHENSIVE

WOMEN HARASSMENT IN DIGITAL SPACE BY - GAYATHRI DAMMALAPATI & DR. JAYSHREE KHANDARE,

Authors : GAYATHRI DAMMALAPATI & DR. JAYSHREE KHANDARE,

Registration ID : 106810 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6810 & IJLRA6841

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : mousy.san@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-96468654/WOMEN HARASSMENT IN DIGITAL SPACE

PUNISHMENT VS. REHABILITATION – THE BETTER OPTION BY- ARCHI AGARWAL

Authors : ARCHI AGARWAL

Registration ID : 106809 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6809

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : mohdyasin.2605@gmail.com

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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE REAL IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS REGARDING POLICE INVESTIGATION BY - POOJA PATEL

Authors : POOJA PATEL

Registration ID : 106808 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6808

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : poojakumawatac@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-63259896/A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE REAL IMPLEMENTATION O

EVOLUTION OF CYBER CRIME THROUGH DARK WEB IN INDIA BY - AYUSH M. GHADOLE & ADV. PRANITA A. KASTURE

Authors : AYUSH M. GHADOLE & ADV. PRANITA A. KASTURE

Registration ID : 106799 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6799 & IJLRA6800

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : ayush.ghadole007@gmail.com & pranitakasture06@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-96545658/EVOLUTION OF CYBER CRIME THROUGH DARK WEB IN INDIA

International journal for legal research and analysis

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^{^[1]} F.A Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of The Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, 248, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 2014.

^{^[2]}John Rawls, available at Https://Plato.Stanford.Edu/Entries/Rawls/

^{^[3]} Suresh Sharma, Distributive Justice Under Indian Constitution with Reference To Right To Equality And Property, Deep & Deep Publications, 1989.

^{^[5]} John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, pp. 392-672, Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, 1861.

^{^[6]} Julian Lamont & Christi Favor, Distributive Justice, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (available at, Https://Plato.Stanford.Edu/Entries/Justice-Distributive/.

^{^[7]} Suri Ratnapala, Jurisprudence, 333, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2009.

^{^[8]} Simon Lester, Bryan Mercurio et al., World Trade Law: Text, Materials and Commentary, 56, Hart Publishing, 2d ed., 2012.

^{^[10]} Part V, Proposals For Expansion World Trade And Empowerment, Department of State, Publication 2411, Commercial Policy Series 79.

^{^[11]} Preamble, WTO Agreement: Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 154, 33 I.L.M. 1144 (1994)

^{^[14]} Understanding The WTO, Information and External Relations Division, 5th Ed. 2005, available at https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/understanding_e.pdf

^{^[15]} Report Of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on Most Favored Nation Principle, Japan, available at Http://Www.Meti.Go.Jp/English/Report/Downloadfiles/2010WTO/2-0Overview.Pdf.

^{^[16]} Henrik Horn & Petros C. Mavroidis, “Economic and Legal Aspects of The Most-Favored-Nation Clause”, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, Vol 17 pp. 233–279, 2001.

^{^[18]} Report of the Panel, Japan – SPF Dimension Lumber, L/6470 - 36S/167, available at http://www.sice.oas.org/dispute/gatt/88lumber.asp

^{^[20]} ARTICLE XXIV, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, 1867 U.N.T.S. 187, 33 I.L.M. 1153 (1994).

^{^[21]}Generalized System of Preferences, UNCTD, TD/B/GSP/FORM/2/Rev.1, available at https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdbgspform2rev1_en.pdf

^{^[23]} Peter Bossche, The Law And Policy Of The World Trade Organization 42, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

^{^[24]} GATT Article III:8(A); GATT Article III:8(B)

^{^[25]} Https://Www.Wto.Org/English/Thewto_E/Glossary_E/National_Treatment_E.Htm, Oct. 30, 10:00 AM

^{^[28]} U Loewenheim, The Principle of National Treatment In The International Conventions Protecting Intellectual Property, MPI Studies On Intellectual Property, Springer, 2009.

^{^[29]} Frank Müller-Langer, “Does Parallel Trade Freedom Harm Consumers In Small Markets?”, Croatian Economic Survey Vol. 11, pp. 11-41, 2008.

^{^[30]} Http://Www.Who.Int/Medicines/Areas/Policy/Doha_Declaration/En/.

^{^[31]} Weil Ceramics & Glass, Inc. V. Dash, 878 F.2d 659, 11 USPQ2d 1001 (3d Cir. 1989).

^{^[32]} Carlos M Correa, Intellectual Property Rights, The WTO and Developing Countries, Zed Books 2000.

^{^[34]} Fink, Carsten, Entering the Jungle of Intellectual Property Rights Exhaustion and Parallel Importation, In Intellectual Property And Development: Lessons From Recent Economic Research, 177, Fink Maskus, Washington, 2005.

^{^[36]} Gervais, Daniel, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, Sweet & Maxwell, 2003.

^{^[38]} Paragraph 5(D) Of the Declaration on The TRIPS Agreement And Public Health, “The Effect Of The Provisions In The TRIPS Agreement That Are Relevant To The Exhaustion Of Intellectual Property Rights Is To Leave Each Member Free To Establish Its Own Regime For Such Exhaustion Without Challenge, Subject To The MFN And National Treatment Provisions Of Articles 3 And 4.”

^{^[39]} Keith E. Maskus Parallel Imports in Pharmaceuticals: Implications For Competition And Prices In Developing Countries, Geneva, Final Report To The World Intellectual Property Organization, 2001.

^{^[40]} Keith E Maskus, and Yongmin Chen, “Parallel Imports in A Model Of Vertical Distribution: Theory, Evidence, And Policy”, PACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Vol 7 No.2, pp. 319-334, 2002.

^{^[41]} Müller-Langer, Frank, “An Analysis of The Welfare Effects Of Parallel Trade Freedom”, Berkeley Electronic Press, German Working Papers In Law And Economics, Vol 9, 2008, available at Http://Www.Bepress.Com/Gwp/Default/Vol2008/Iss1/Art9.

^{^[43]} Ganslandt, Mattias and Keith E. Maskus, “Parallel Imports and The Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products: Evidence from The European Union”, JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS, Vol 23 No. 5, 1035-1057 (2004).

^{^[45]} Alan O Sykes, “TRIPS, Pharmaceuticals, Developing Countries, And the Doha “Solution”, Chicago Journal Of International Law, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 7-68, 2002.

^{^[46]} Richard Schmalensee, “Output and Welfare Implications of Monopolistic Third-Degree Price Discrimination”, AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Vol. 71 No. 1, pp. 242-247, 1981.

^{^[47]} Joan Robinson, Economics of Imperfect Competition, Macmillan, 1933.

^{^[48]} Jacob Arfwedson, Re-importation (Parallel Trade) in Pharmaceuticals, Institute for Policy Innovation: Policy Report #182, July 2004. Available at https://www.ipi.org/docLib/PR182-ParallelTrade.pdf-OpenElement.pdf.

^{^[49]} Jackline I. Nyaga, Implementing Parallel Importation and Licensing Mechanism to Increase Access to Medicines In Kenya, (2009), (Unpublished PhD thesis, Stanford University).

^{^[50]} Kapil Wadhwa V. Samsung Electronics, 2013 (53) PTC 112 (Del.)

^{^[51]} Anna Scheuermann, Parallel Import of Pharmaceuticals in the EU, (2006), (Unpublished Thesis, Lunds University).

^{^[54]} The Least Developed Countries Report, 2007, UNCTAD/LDC/2007, available at https://unctad.org/publication/least-developed-countries-report-2007#:~:text=The%20least%20developed%20countries%20(LDCs,assets%2C%20and%20high%20economic%20vulnerability.

[1] Section 354 in The Indian Penal Code

354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.-Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

^{^[3]}Indian Penal Code (IPC) S. 354A. Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment.

[i][354-A. Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment.—(1) A man committing any of the following acts—

i. physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures; or

ii. a demand or request for sexual favours; or

iii. showing pornography against the will of a woman; or

iv. making sexually coloured remarks, shall be guilty of the offence of sexual harassment.

(2) Any man who commits the offence specified in clause (i) or clause (ii) or clause (iii) of sub-section (1) shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

(3) Any man who commits the offence specified in clause (iv) of sub-section (1) shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.]

[4]

S. 354 B	Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe

Any man who assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of disrobing1 or compelling her to be naked, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

[5] Section 375 in The Indian Penal Code

1[375. Rape.—A man is said to commit “rape” who, except in the case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions:—

(First) — Against her will.

(Secondly) —Without her consent.

(Thirdly) — With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.

(Fourthly) —With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

(Fifthly) — With her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.

(Sixthly) — With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.

(Exception) —Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.] STATE AMENDMENT

(Manipur) —(a) in clause sixthly, for the word “sixteen” substitute the word “fourteen”; and

(b) in the Exception, for the word “fifteen” substitute the word “thirteen”. [Vide Act 30 of 1950, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 16-4-1950) (made earlier than Act 43 of 1983)]. COMMENTS Absence of injury on male organ of accused Where a prosecutrix is a minor girl suffering from pain due to ruptured hymen and bleeding vagina depicts same, minor contradictions in her statements they are not of much value, also absence of any injury on male organ of accused is no valid ground for innocence of accused, conviction under section 375 I.P.C. proper; Mohd. Zuber Noor Mohammed Changwadia v. State of Gujarat, 1999 Cr LJ 3419 (Guj). Penetration Mere absence of spermatozoa cannot cast a doubt on the correctness of the prosecution case; Prithi Chand v. State of Himachal Pradesh, (1989) Cr LJ 841: AIR 1989 SC 702.

[6] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s 3, s 5; The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act, 2019

[7] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s 1(d)

^{^[1]}A Cross-sectional Study of Gender-Based Violence against Men in the Rural Area of Haryana, India, available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6437789/ (Visited on January, 29, 2024)

[2] Male Victims, available at: https://endsexualviolence.org/where_we_stand/male-victims/ (Visited on January, 29, 2024)

[5] Deeptiman Tiwary, “10% of dowry cases false, government plans changes in law” The Times of India,Mar 22, 2015.

[1] The role of artificial intelligence in healthcare: a structured literature review, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-021-01488-9

[2] The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6616181/

[3] Artificial Intelligence: How is It Changing Medical Sciences and Its Future?, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7640807/

[4] Legal and Ethical Consideration in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Who Takes Responsibility, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963864/

[5] The rise of artificial intelligence in healthcare applications, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325854/

[6] Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8285156/

[7] Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: 39 Examples Improving the Future of Medicine, https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-healthcare

[14] What is GDPR, the EU’s New Data Protection Law, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/

[15] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500019/

[25] Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332220/

[27] Informed Consent for Clinical Treatment, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307558/

[32] Accessing Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Decision-Making, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8521931/

[36] Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence and Their Potential Solutions in the Healthcare Sector, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908503/

8 B Wylynko, ‘Beyond Command and Control’ in RB Gibson (ed), Voluntary Initiatives: the New Politics of Corporate Greening (Broadview, 1999) 161, 161. 49 European Commission, Communication on Integrated Product Policy, COM(2003)302 final. 50 Hajer, above n 43. 51 Ibid; P Christoff, ‘Ecological Modernisation, Ecological Modernities’ (1996) 5 Environmental Politics 476.[1]

Professor, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University. ** Professor, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University. 1 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis (Island Press, 2005), at www.millenniumassessment.org. 2 Ibid. 3 UNEP, 10 Years After Rio: The UNEP Assessment (UNEP, 2002).

[3][3]4 S Bell and D McGillivray, Environmental Law (5th edn, Blackstone, 2000) 411. 15 See S Kawashima, ‘A Survey of Environmental Law and Policy in Japan’ (1995) 20 North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 231. 16 ZJB Plater, ‘From the Beginning, A Fundamental Shift of Paradigms: A Theory and Short History of Environmental Law?’ (1994) 27 Loyola of Los Angeles L Rev 981, 1003. 17 Eg G Teubner, ‘Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law’ (1983) 17 L & Society Rev 239, 240, 253–4; Abbot, ch 3, this vol. 18 E Orts, ‘Reflexive Environmental Law’ (1995) 89 Northwestern University L Rev 1227, 1257. 19 Bell and McGillivray, above n 14, 177–89 (discussing the nature of environmental regulation from a UK perspective).

[4] 4 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development (2002), UN Doc A/CONF.199/20, at 1, para 13. 5 See the reports of the European Environment Agency at www.eea.eu.int. 6 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Living Beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human WellBeing (Statement from the Board) (pre-publication draft, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) 2.

^{^[1]} Ashwin Harish.P, The History of Hacking and Evolution of Hacking, (Mar. 5, 2023), https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/history-hacking-evolution-ashwin-harish-p/.

[4] Margaret Rouse, What Is a Cyberthreat? - Definition From Techopedia, https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25263/cyberthreat

[5] Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words, Dictionary.com https://www.dictionary.com/browse/white-hat.

^{^[6]} Margaret Rouse, What Does White Hat Hacker Mean? - Definition From Techopedia, https://www.techopedia.com/definition/10349/white-hat-hacker

[9] The Information Technology Act of 2000 § 43.

[10] The Information Technology Act of 2000 § 43.

[11] The Information Technology Act of 2000 § 66.

[12] The Information Technology Act of 2000 § 84.

[13] Savia Lobo, Homebrew's Github repo got hacked in 30 mins. How can open source projects fight supply chain attacks?, Packt Hub (Aug. 14, 2018), https://hub.packtpub.com/homebrews-github-repo-got-hacked-in-30-mins-how-can-open-source-projects-fight-supply-chain-attacks/.

[14] Savia Lobo, A zero-day vulnerability on Mac Zoom Client allows hackers to enable users’ camera, leaving 750k companies exposed, Packt Hub (July 9, 2019), https://hub.packtpub.com/a-zero-day-vulnerability-on-mac-zoom-client-allows-hackers-to-enable-users-camera-leaving-750k-companies-exposed/.

[15] Savia Lobo, Apple patched vulnerability in Mac Zoom Client; plans to address ‘video on by default’, Packt Hub (July 11, 2019), https://hub.packtpub.com/apple-patched-vulnerability-in-macs-zoom-client-plans-to-address-video-on-by-default/.

[16] Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words, Dictionary.com https://www.dictionary.com/browse/black-hat.

[17] The Information Technology Act of 2000 § 66

[20] Margaret Rouse, What does gray hat hacker mean? - Definition from Techopedia, https://www.techopedia.com/definition/15450/gray-hat-hacker.

[22] Press Releases & News, Kaspersky (Sept. 26, 2023), https://www.kaspersky.co.in/about/press-releases.

[1] Parth0501, Cyber Crimes Against Women, legal Services India,

(https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-8918-cyber-crimes-against-women.html) (last visited on Jan 20 2024)

[2] (Dr.) N. K. Thapak, Study on the Case Laws Registered Regarding Cyber Crime against Women, vol 15 / Issue: 1, Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education, 449(2018), (https://ignited.in/a/58442), (last visited on Jan 20 2024).

[3] Dr. Monika Jain, Victimization Of Women Beneath Cyberspace In India Upbringing, (Bharati Law Review, April – June, 2017), (https://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/786274E9-B397-4610-8912-28D6D03230F9.monika_jain_pdf_1-1111.pdf) , (last visited Jan 20 2024)

[4] Cyber Harassment, (29 june 2022),

(https://vikaspedia.in/education/digital-litercy/information-security/being-safe-online-1/cyber-harassment) , (last visited on 21 Jan 2024)

[6] Dr. Sapna Sukrut Deo, Cyberstalking And Online Harassment: A New Challenge For Law Enforcement, 86, Bharati Law Review (2013) (https://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/FDF5EB3E-2BB1-44BB-8F1D-9CA06D965AA9.pdf) (last visited on 21 Jan 2024)

[7] Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD, Cyberbullying (August 2022), (https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cyberbullying.html), (last visited on 21 Jan 2024)

[9] SMC Pneumatics India Pvt. Ltd. v. Jogesh Kwatra, CS(OS) No. 1279/2001 (Delhi High Court, 2001)

[10] R. Arun and Ors. Vs. Inspector of Police, Thiruppur North Police Station and Ors, MANU/TN/4760/2017

[11] The State of Tamil Nadu Vs Suhas Katti, CC No. 4680 of 2004.

[12] Ashok Bagriya, BJP leader jailed for meme gets bail from SC, ordered to apologise to Mamata Banerjee, (Hindustan Times, May 12 2020),

(https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/bengal-bjp-leader-jailed-for-sharing-morphed-photo-of-mamata-banerjee-gi ven-bail-sc-says-she-must-apologise/story-HUZgFFGEQ61dFf2spq5HSJ_amp.html) (last visited on Jan 23 2024)

[13] Air Force Bal Bharati School Case, (Dullbonline, October 14, 2020), (https://dullbonline.wordpress.com/2020/10/14/air-force-bal-bharti-school-case/) (last visited on Jan 23 2024

[14] HC Vanlalruata, 2 held in Mizoram for cyber crimes, (TIMES OF INDIA, May 17 2023),

(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/2-held-in-mizoram-for-cyber-crimes/articleshow/100295833.cms) (last visited on Jan 24, 2024)

[15] Iamkishanpandey, Technology Laws in India: Impact and Loopholes, Legal Services India, (https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-10604-technology-laws-in-india-impact-and-loopholes.html#:~:text=Loophole%2 01%3A%20Lack%20of%20clarity%20in%20data%20protection%20laws&text=However%2C%20these%20rules%20do%20not, businesses%20to%20comply%20with%20them) (last visited on 24 Jan 2024).

[16] Women - Cyber laws in India, (https://www.infosecawareness.in/concept/cyber-laws-in-india/women), (last visited on 24 Jan 2024).

[21] “Cyber Crime Against Women”, (27 Dec, 2023), (https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cyber-crime-against-women/), (last visited on 24 Jan 2024)

[22] The Indecent Representation Of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.

[23] The Indecent Representation Of Woman (prohibition) Act, 1986, s 2(c).

[24] Ambika Pandit, Government withdraws indecent representation of women amendment bill, (Times Of India, Jul 26, 2021), (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-withdraws-indecent-representation-of-women-amendment-bill/articleshow/ 84770088.cms?from=mdr) (last visited on 25 Jan 2024)

[25] Article 21, The Constitution Of India, 1950.

[26] Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India, 1978 AIR 597.

[1] The author is a student at Galgotias University, Greater Noida

[2] Esther Lombardi, ‘Crime and Punishment ‘ ( Thought CO., 08 May,2017 ) < https://www.thoughtco.com/crime-and-punishment-quotes-2-739396> accessed 06 August 2023

[3]Siddhartha Bandyopadhyay, ‘Why Rehabilitation -not harsher prison sentences-makes economic sense’ (The Conversation, 24 March 2020) < https://theconversation.com/why-rehabilitation-not-harsher-prison-sentences-makes-economic-sense-132213> accessed 06 August 2023

[4] Ryan Hamill, ‘ Why Punishing Criminals Can Be More Merciful Than Rehabilitation’ (The Federalist, 21 November 2016) https://thefederalist.com/2016/11/21/punishing-criminals-can-merciful-rehabilitation/) accessed 07 August 2023

[5] Thomas Stephen Szasz, The Meaning of Mind: Language, Morality and Neuroscience (Syracuse University Press) 36

[6]Siddhartha Bandyopadhyay, ‘Why Rehabilitation -not harsher prison sentences-makes economic sense’ (The Conversation, 24 March 2020) < https://theconversation.com/why-rehabilitation-not-harsher-prison-sentences-makes-economic-sense-132213> accessed 06 August 2023

[1] Arnesh Kumar v/s State Of Bihar & Another, (2014) 8 SCC 273.

[2] Debarati Halder., Stop, search, frisk and detain: A comparative analysis of police power between India, UK and US, 6, SSRN, 173, 173-182 (2021).

[3] Mr. Ashish Kumar Kulshreshtha, Intricacies Of Police Investigation, Role Of Police In Criminal Justice System Of India And Need To Reform– A Critique, 8 IJCRT 2246, 2246- 2251 (2020), https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2005300.pdf.

[4] Poorti Sharma & Sushma Kanwar., Critical Analysis of Police Investigation in Cr.P.C, 4, IJLMH, 260, 260-268 (2021).

[6] State of Maharashtra vs. Sarangdharsingh Shivdassingh Chavan, 2011 (1) ACR 1115 (SC)

[7] Poorti Sharma & Sushma Kanwar., Critical Analysis of Police Investigation in Cr.P.C, 4, IJLMH, 260, 260-268 (2021).

[8] Dr. C.P. Gupta, Role of Police in Criminal Justice System: An Analytical Study on Indian Perspective, 3 IJCRT 46, 46- 51 (2021), h ttps://glslawjournal.in/index.php/glslawjournal/article/download/40/56/.pdf.

[9] Rakesh Kumar Paul v. State of Assam, SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CRL.) NO. 2176 OF 2017.

[11] Kalpana Kutty v. State of Maharashtra, MIPR 2007 (3) 483.

[12] Danny Singh., The Causes of Police Corruption and Working towards Prevention in Conflict-Stricken States, 11, MDPI, 26, 26- 36(2022).

[13] Poorti Sharma & Sushma Kanwar, supra note 6.

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[3]Rafiq vs State of U.P, AIR 1981 SC 96.

[4]AIR 1953 MADHYA BHARAT 147

[6] 2002(6)ALD319

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^[52] Supra 48