INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

MARITAL RAPE LAW IN INDIA BY - AARATTRIKA CHANDA

Authors : AARATTRIKA CHANDA

Registration ID : 1068674Published Paper ID: IJLRA6874

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aarattrikachanda@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-82575365/MARITAL RAPE LAW IN INDIA

CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON RIGHT TO HEALTH IN INDIA BY: ADV. RUSHIL SHARMA

Authors : PUSHPITA MITRA

Registration ID : 106873 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6873

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : advrushilsharma@gmail.com

Page No : 12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-56835384/CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON RIGHT TO HEALTH IN

IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHT LAWS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - ACHIEVEMENTS AND SETBACKS. BY - LAKSHYA MALHOTRA & HEER DESAI

Authors : LAKSHYA MALHOTRA & HEER DESAI

Registration ID : 106871 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6871 & IJLRA6872

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : lakshyamalhotra01@gmail.com & desaiheer4@gmail.com

Page No : 29 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-15896658/IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHT LAWS I

USE OF ONLINE PLATFORM FOR ILLEGAL SELLING AND GAMBLING BY - MS. ANANYA GOYAL & DR. JYOTI DHARM

Authors : MS. ANANYA GOYAL & DR. JYOTI DHARM

Registration ID : 106869 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6869 & IJLRA6870

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : ananyaagrawalgoyal2008@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-66553598/USE OF ONLINE PLATFORM FOR ILLEGAL SELLING AND GAM

CONTRA PROFERENTEM: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF IT’S HISTORICAL EVOLUTION, PRINCIPLES, AND IMPACT ON INDIAN CONTRACT LAW BY - GULNAR ARORA

Authors : GULNAR ARORA

Registration ID : 106868 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6868

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : gulnararora@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-42728243/CONTRA PROFERENTEM: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF IT’S

ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY TO GUARANTEE ACCESS TO JUSTICE BY - PUSHPITA MITRA

Authors : PUSHPITA MITRA

Registration ID : 106867 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6867

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : ul23ba018@stu.xim.edu.in

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-59592444/ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY TO GUARANTEE ACCESS TO JUSTICE

A COMPARATIVE DOCTRINAL STUDY OF TRADEMARK DILUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF SEMIOTIC DISOBEDIENCE BY - BARKHA SINGH

Authors : BARKHA SINGH

Registration ID : 106866 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6866

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : barkhasingh@nalsar.ac.in

Page No : 26 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-26468884/A COMPARATIVE DOCTRINAL STUDY OF TRADEMARK DILUTIO

HARNESSING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT: A CATALYST FOR SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRESS BY: ADV. BHUMI TANDON

Authors : ADV. BHUMI TANDON

Registration ID : 106865 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6865

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : 10bhumitandon@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-65274768/HARNESSING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR WOMEN EMPOW

SILENCE SPEAKS VOLUMES: DO WE NEED TO INTRODUCE A GENERAL DUTY OF DISCLOSURE? BY - RUDRA SINSINWAR

Authors : RUDRA SINSINWAR

Registration ID : 106864 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6864

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rudra.sinsinwar@nls.ac.in

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-97882757/SILENCE SPEAKS VOLUMES: DO WE NEED TO INTRODUCE A

TRACING ORIGINS OF DOCTRINE OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY BY - HARIHAR JAGANNATH

Authors : HARIHAR JAGANNATH

Registration ID : 106863 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6863

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : harihar2e@gmail.com

Page No : 12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-54969471/TRACING ORIGINS OF DOCTRINE OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[1] http://docs.manupatra.in/NEWSLINE/ARTICLES/UPLOAD/8787A55C-D93F-4589-8A68-A9A032AFAF0E.PDF

[2] Krina Patel, The Gap in Marital Rape Law in India: Advocating for Criminalization and Social Change, 42 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1519 (2019).

[3] Sir Matthew Hale (1609 – 1676) in History of the Pleas of the Crown

[4] Krina Patel, The Gap in Marital Rape Law in India: Advocating for Criminalization and Social Change, 42 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1519 (2019)

[5] Justice J.S. Verma Committee, Report of Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law (January 23,2013)

[6] RAJYA SABHA DEBATES, Discussion on the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Bill, 2015, 53, Session Number 237, December 4, 2015

[7] https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/marital-rape-most-married-women-are-sexually-abused-by-their-husbands-says-nfhs-data/article65409875.ece

[8] 2011 Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India/*

[9] The Times of India, “25% of helpline calls about marital rape”

[10] National Crime Records Bureau, 2016 report on Marriages in India

[11] Agnidipto Tarafder and Adrija Ghosh, ‘The Unconstitutionality of the Marital Rape Exemption in India’ (2020) 3(2) University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal 202, 204 accessed 19 May 2021

[12] Independent Thought v. Union of India 10 SCC 800, AIR 2017 SC 4904

[13] Raju Ahmed Laskar v. The State of Assam and Ors. LQ/GauHC/2023/187

[14] Shayara Bano vs Union of India 9 SCC 1 (n 82) [101] (Nairman J)

[15] In 1969, Justice Scarman recommended the abolition of this remedy

[16] T. Sareetha v. Venkata Subbaiah, AIR 1983 AP 356

[17] Justice J.S. Verma Committee, Report of Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law (January 23,2013)

[18] Criminal Law (Amendement) Act, No. 13 of 2013, PEN CODE 375, Exception 2; The Criminal Lw (Amendement) Act, No. 13 of 2013, PEN. CODE 376A

[20] LOK SABHA DEBATES, Question on Marital Rape, 2016, Question No. 2872, March 15, 2016

[22] Independent Thought v. Union of India 10 SCC 800, AIR 2017 SC 4904

[24] Law Commission of India, 172^nd Report on Review of Rape Laws (2000); Nigam, supra note 22, at 13

[25] Janani. G.S, Dr. S Pandiraj “MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA – NEED FOR CRIMINALIZATION” 120 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, (2018)

[26] Independent Thought, 382 SCC at 22; Karnataka v. Krishnappa (2000) SCC (India)

[28] Queen Empress v. Haree Moahn Maiti, (1886) ILR 8 All 622

[29] Sakshi v. Union Of India Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 33 Of 1997

[30] Independent Thought v. Union of India 10 SCC 800, AIR 2017 SC 4904

[31] Nimeshnhai Bharatbhai Desai v. State of Gujrat 2018 SCC Online Guj 732, [104] 62

[32] Raju Ahmed Laskar v. The State of Assam and Ors. LQ/GauHC/2023/187

[34] Krina Patel, The Gap in Marital Rape Law in India: Advocating for Criminalization and Social Change, 42 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1519 (2019)

[35] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh AIR 1984 Delhi 66, ILR 1984 Delhi 546

[36] ‘The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013’, No. 13 of 2013 (Amendment Act 2013)(2013)

State Through Reference vs Ram Signh & Ors. (2014) App. No. 6/2013

[1] "In order to fulfill our dharma, first start with the body."

[2] Article 38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.—(1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life. (2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in income, and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.

[3] A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27.

[4] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597.

[5] K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India AIR 2017 SC 4161.

[6] Narendra Kumar v. State of Haryana JT (1994) 2 SC 94

[8] Chameli Singh v. State of U.P. (1996) 2 SCC 549

[9] M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1978 SC 1548

[10] Sunil Batra (No.1) v. Delhi Administration AIR 1978 SC 1575

[11] It is well established that the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution includes the right to lead a dignified and meaningful life and the right to health is an integral facet of this right. See Devika Biswas v. Union of India and others, (2016) 10 SCC 726

[13] We accept that the right to life provided for in Article 21 of the Constitution must be given an expansive meaning. The right to life, we acknowledge, encompasses several rights but for the time being we are concerned with three important constitutional rights, each one of them W.P(Civil) No.193 of 2016 Page 22 being basic and fundamental. These rights articulated by the petitioner are the right to live with dignity, the right to shelter and the right to health. The State is obligated to ensure that these fundamental rights are not only protected but are enforced and made available to all citizens. Ashwini Kumar v. Union of India AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 254.

[14] This right to live with human dignity enshrined in Article 21 derives its life breath from the Directive Principles of State Policy and particularly clauses (e) and (f) of Article 39 and Articles 41 and 42 and at the least, therefore, it must include protection of the health and strength of the workers, men and women, and of the tender age of children against abuse, opportunities and facilities for children to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity, educational facilities, just as humane condi- tions of work and maternity relief. Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, [1984] 3 SCC 161

[17] Pt. Parmanand Katara v. Union of India AIR 1989 SC 2039

[18] The patient whether he be an innocent person or be a criminal liable to punishment under the laws of the society, it is the obligation of those who are in-charge of the health of the community to preserve life so that the inno- cent may be protected and the guilty may be punished. Social laws do not contemplate death by negligence to tantamount to legal punishment. Pt. Parmanand Katara v. Union of India AIR 1989 SC 2039.

[19] Vincent Panikurlangara v. Union Of India & Ors. 1987 AIR 990

[20] Paschim banga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State of West Bengal 1996 (4) SCC 37

[21] Consumer Education Research Centre v. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 922.

[22] The Constitution envisages the establishment of a welfare state at the federal level as well as at the state level. In a welfare state the primary duty of the Government is to secure the welfare of the people. Providing adequate medical facilities for the people is an essential part of the obligations undertaken by the Government in a welfare state. The Government discharges this obligation by running hospitals and health centres which provide medical care to the person seeking to avail those facilities. Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity f Ors vs State Of West Bengal & Anr. 1996 SCC (4) 37, JT 1996 (6) 43.

[24] Government has constitutional obligation to provide the health facilities. If the Government servant has suffered an ailment which requires treatment at a specialised approved hospital and on reference whereat the Government servant had undergone such treatment therein, it is but the duty of the State to bear the expenditure incurred by the Government servant. State of Punjab v. Mohinder Singh Chawla AIR 1997 SUPREME COURT 1225

[25] It is now settled law that right to health is an integral to right to life. Government has constitutional obligation to provide the health facilities. State Of Punjab & Ors v. Mohinder Singh Chawla Etc. AIR 1997 SUPREME COURT 1225

[26] Ashwini Kumar v. Union of India AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 2541

[1] Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011, Rule 3(2), (India).

[2] Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011, Rule 6, (India).

[3] Dr. Zaheer Ahmed v Union of India & Ors., Writ Petition no. 11711/2018, Delhi HC, 2019.

[5] Bombay Prevention of Gambling Act, 1887,§3 (4 of 1887) (India).

[6] M/s Gaussian networks Pvt. Ltd. v Monica Lakhanpal and State of NCT Delhi, C.R.P. 119/2012, Order dated 21.04.2016 (Delhi, April 21, 2016).

[7] All Kerala Online Lottery Dealers Associations v State of Kerala, [(2016) 2 SCC 161].

[1] Dr. O.N. Ravi, The Contractual Interpretation Rule- Contra Proferentem: It’s Relevance in Modern Law, 2, CMR Uni. J. Cont. Leg. Aff., 112, 113 (2022).

[3] Aparaijita Haripriya Mannava, The Legal Validity of Self-Prescribed Rules of Interpretation and Construction of Contracts, 5 Int. J. Law Man. & Hum., 859, 859-860 (2022).

[5] Vincet R. Martorana & Michael K. Zitelli, A Guide to Contract Interpretation, Reed Smith LLP, 1, 5 (2013).

[6] HEIN KOTZ, Contract Law TRANSLATED BY GILL MERTENS & TONY WEIR, CH.6 (Oxford, 2017).

[8] Peter Cserne, Policy Considerations in Contract Interpretation: The Contra Proferentem Rule from A Comparative Law and Economics Perspective, 5 Uni. Hull, 1, 114 (2007).

[10] David Horton, Flipping the Script: Contra Proferentem and Standard Form Contracts, 80, Uni. Col. Law Rev., 432, 473 (2009).

[11] SIR KIM LEWISON, The Interpretation of Contracts, 360 (South Asian Reprint 2016).

[13] See Article 1157 & 1158 of The French Code Civil, 1804; Article 1284 & 1286 of The Spanish Codigo Civil, 2016; Article 1367-1369 of The Italian Codice Civil, 1942; Article 4.4 & 4.5 of The UNIDROIT Principles.

[15] Characteristically, the rule was included in all the European codifications until the end of the 19^th century, but not in general contract law rules. These countries have codified the contra proferentem rule for standard form of contracts only. Later, mainly in accord with the European directive, every non-negotiated consumer contracts became subject to the rule too.

[19] Dr. REINHARD ZIMMERMANN, The Law of Obligations, Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, 639-640 (Juta & Co. Ltd, 1992).

[22] Jonna McCunn, The Contra Proferentem Rule: Contract Law’s Great Survivor, 39(3), Oxf. J. Leg. Stud., 483, 505 (2019).

[25] Justice Binnie, Co-operators Life Insurance Co. v. Gibbens, (2009) 3 SCR 605.

[26] Houghton v. Trafalgar Insurance Co. Ltd., (1954) 1 QB 247.

[27] Terson Ltd. v. Stevenage Development Corporation, (1963) EWCA Civ J1023-3.

[28] Johnson v. Edgware & Railway Co., 55 E.R. 982.

[29] Savil Brothers Ltd. v. Bethell, (1902) 2 Ch 253.

[31] CDV Software Entertainment AG v. Gamecock Media Europe Ltd., (2009) EWHC 2965 (Ch).

[32] Cornish v. Accident Insurance Co., Civil Action No. 3:06CV-344-DW.

[34] J.W CARTER, Carter’s Breach of Contract, 48 (Hart Publishing, 2018).

[35] MP Ram Mohan & Anmol Jain, Exclusion Clauses Under the Indian Contract Law: A Need to Account for Unreasonableness,13 NUJS L. Rev., 1, 2 (2020).

[36] EDWIN PEEL, Treital on the Law of Contract, 7-15 (Sweet & Maxwell,2020).

[39] Section 91 through Section 97, Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

[40] Abhishek Akshantaka, Analyzing the Jurisdictional Arbitrage Potency of Indian Contract Law: With the Distinct Application of the Parol Evidence Rule of Contract Interpretation, 8, Asian Law Public Policy Rev., 137, 142-143 (2023).

[42] Halbury’s Laws of England (5^th ed, 2016) 60, para 105.

[43] United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. M/S. Orient Treasures Pvt. Ltd., 2016 (3) SCC 49.

[44] M/S. I.P. & Investment Corpn. V. New India Assuance Co. Ltd., Civil Appeal No. 1130 of 2007.

[45] Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran, AIR 2012 SC 2829.

[46] General Assurance Society Ltd. v. Chandmull Jain and Anr., 1966 SCR (3) 500.

[47] United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. M/S. Pushpalaya Printers, AIR 2004 SC 1700.

[48] Namrata Singh & Ors. V. Director, General Civil Aviation, AIR 2017 (NOC) 692 (DEL.).

[49] Bank of India v. K. Mohandas, & Ors., Civil Appeal No. 1942 of 2009.

[50] Sushilben Indravadan Gandhi v. The New Indian Assurance Company, (2021) 7 SCC 151.

[1] Marc Galanter & Jayanth K. Krishnan, Bread for the Poor: Access to Justice and the Rights of the Needy in India, (2005), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=682324

[2] Estelle Hurter, Access to Justice: To Dream the Impossible Dream?, 44 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 408 (2011), https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/CILSA/article/view/11532

[3] Increasing Access to Justice with Technology, Legal Management, https://www.alanet.org/legal-management/2021/january/departments/increasing-access-to-justice-with-technology

[4] Federico Ast, The Role of Technology to Guarantee Access to Justice, Astec (Jun. 22, 2020), https://medium.com/astec/the-role-of-technology-to-guarantee-access-to-justice-da3c0e508171

[5]Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra (2011) (2012) 2 SCC 666.

[6] Ecourtsservices, “ECourts”, https://services.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindia_v6/

[7] The Report of the Law Commission on the Reform of Judicial Administration, 1 Journal of the Indian Law Institute 331 (1959), https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953792

[11] PRACTICE DIRECTIONS FOR E-FILING (PHASE-II) IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA https://main.sci.gov.in/php/FAQ/5_6246991526434439183.pdf.

[12] Norul Mohamed Rashid, Access to Justice and Rule of Law Institutions, United Nations and the Rule of Law, https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/

[13] Law Commission of India, Reform of Judicial Administration Report No.14, (September 1958).

[14] UNITED NATIONS STANDARD MINIMUM RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY(2015).

[1] T.G.Agitha, Trademark Dilution: Indian Approach, Journal of the Indian Law Institute , JULY-SEPTEMBER 2008, Vol. 50, No. 3 (JULY-SEPTEMBER 2008), pp. 339-366.

[2] Gangjee, Dev S., The Polymorphism of Trademark Dilution in India (September 25, 2008). Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 17, 2008.

[3] Graeme W. Austin, Tolerating Confusion about Confusion: Trademark Policies and Fair Use, 50 ARIZ. L. REV. 157 (2008).

[4] Mark P. McKenna, Testing Modern Trademark Law's Theory of Harm, 95 IOWA L. REV. 63 (2009).

[5] Cheng-chi Chang, The Clash of Theories: Semiotic Democracy and Personality Theory in Intellectual Property Law, 26 LAW & WORLD 14 (2023).

[6] Barton Beebe, Search and Persuasion in Trademark Law, 103 MICH. L. REV. 2020 (2005).

[7] Sonia K. Katyal, Between Semiotic Democracy and Disobedience: Two views of Branding, Culture and Intellectual Property, 4 Wipo J. Intell. Prop. 50 (2012)

[8] S.U. Kucuk, Brand Hate, A Semiotic Analysis of Consumer-Generated Antibranding.” Marketing Theory, June 2015, Vol. 15, No. 2, SAGE, pages 243–264.

[9] Ann Bartow, Barbie in Bondage: What Orly Lobel’s Book “You Don’t Own Me: How Mattel v. MGA

Entertainment Exposed Barbie’s Dark Side” Tells Us About the Commoditization of the Female Body, 29

Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 435 (2019).

[10] William McGeveran, The Imaginary Trademark Parody Crisis (and the Real One), 90 Wash. L. REV. 713 (2015).

[11] Rita Heimes, Trademarks, Identity, and Justice, 11 J. Marshall REV. INTELL. PROP. L. [i] (2011).

[12] Stacey L. Dogan & Mark A. Lemley, Parody as Brand, 47 U.C.D. L. REV. 473 (2013).

[13] Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v. Haute Diggity Dog, LLC, 507 F.3d 252, 261 (4th Cir. 2007).

[14] Irina D. Manta, Hedonic Trademarks, 74 OHIO St. L.J. 241 (2013).

[15] David Tan, The Semiotics of Alpha Brands: Encoding/Decoding/Recoding/Transcoding of

Louis Vuitton and Implications for Trademark Laws, 32 CARDOZO Arts & ENT. L.J. 225

(2013).

[16] Mark Bartholomew, Advertising and Social Identity, 58 BUFF. L. REV. 931 (2010).

[17] Tan, David, Cultural (Re)Codings: Copyright, Trademarks and the Right of Publicity (April 1, 2018). NUS Law Working Paper No. 2018/010.

[18] Kucuk, S.U. Exploring the Legality of Consumer Anti-branding Activities in the Digital Age. J Bus Ethics 139, 77–93 (2016).

[19] Kucuk, S. U. (2015). A semiotic analysis of consumer-generated antibranding. Marketing Theory, 15(2), 243-264.

[20] Sonia K. Katyal, Stealth Marketing and Antibranding: The Love that Dare Not Speak Its Name, 58 BUFF. L. REV. 795 (2010).

[21] Matthew Rimmer, The Black Label: Trade Mark Dilution, Culture Jamming and the No Logo Movement, 5 SCRIPTed 70 (2008).

[22] Mattel Inc v Walking Mountain Productions, 353 F.3d 792, 802 (9th Cir. 2003)

[23] Mattel Inc v Walking Mountain Productions, 353 F.3d 792 (9th Cir. 2003).

[24] Mattel Inc v MCA Records Inc, 296 F.3d 894 (9th Cir. 2002).

[25] Louis Vuitton Malletier SA v Haute Diggity Dog LLC, 507 F.3d 252 (4th Cir. 2007).

[26] Louis Vuitton Malletier SA v My Other Bag Inc., 674 Fed. Appx. 16, No. 16-241-cv (22 Dec 2016).

[27] Laugh It Off Promotions CC v South African Breweries International (Case CCT 42/04) [2005] (27 May 2005), the Constitutional Court of South Africa, [109].

[28] Dustin Marlan, Is the Word "Consumer" Biasing Trademark Law?, 8 TEX. A&M L. REV. 367

(2021)

[29] Laura R. Bradford, Emotion, Dilution, and the Trademark Consumer, 23 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 1227 (2008

[30] Mark Bartholomew, Trademark Morality, 55 WM. & MARY L. REV. 85 (2013).

[31] Sonia K. Katyal, Trademark Cosmopolitanism, 47 U.C.D. L. REV. 875 (2014).

[32] Louis Vuitton v My Other Bag (MOB) 156 F. Supp. 3d 425 (2016).

[33] Jeremy N. Sheff, The (Boundedly) Rational Basis of Trademark Liability, 15 TEX. INTELL. PROP. L.J. 331 (2007).

[36] ITC LIMITED VS. PHILIP MORRIS PRODUCTS SA & ORS., 2010 (42) PTC 572 (Del.).

[38] Ford Motor Company & Anr. vs Mrs. C.R.Borman & Anr., 2008 SCC. Online Del 1211

[39] Section 2(1)(zg), The Trade Marks Act, 1999.

[41] Mark D. Janis & Peter K. Yu, International and Comparative Aspects of Trademark Dilution, 17 Transnat'l L.

& Contemp. Probs. 603 (2008

[42] William G. Barber, Barton Beebe, Christine Haight Farley, and Michael Heltzer, Panel II: Trademark Dilution

Revision Act Implications, 16 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 1093 (2006).

[43] Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited v. Eros International Media Limited, 2021 SCC OnLine Del 1298 24.

[44] Tata Sons Limited vs Greenpeace International & Anr, I.A. No.9089/2010 in CS (OS) 1407/2010.

[45] Rogers v. Grimaldi, 875 F.2d 994, 999 (2d Cir. 1989).

[46] David Tan, The Lost Language of the First Amendment in Copyright Fair Use: A Semiotic Perspective of the Transformative Use Doctrine Twenty-Five Years On, 26 FORDHAM INTELL. PROP. MEDIA & ENT. L.J. 311 (2016).

[47] Goyal, Narendra and Singh, Mukesh Kumar, Doctrine of Dilution Under Law of Trademarks - A Comparative Analysis of Law in United Kingdom and United States of America (January 5, 2011).

[48] Michelin & Cie v. CAW, [1997] 2 F.C. 306, 112 (Can. Van.).

[50]Section 30(2)(a), The Trade Marks Act, 1999.

[51] William McGeveran, Rethinking Trademark Fair Use, 94 IOWA L. REV. 49 (2008).

[52] Section 30(2)(d), The Trade Marks Act, 1999.

[53] Consim Info Pvt Ltd v. Google India Private Limited & Ors. [2013 (54) PTC 578 (Mad)]

[54] Article 19, The Constitution of India, 1950.

[1] Harnessing the Power of AI With Women available at: https://onpassive.com/blog/harnessing-the-power-of- ai-with-women/ (Last visited on February 11, 2024)

[2] Harnessing the Digital Age to Empower Women and Girls available at: https://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/guest- articles/harnessing-the-digital-age-to-empower-women-and-girls/ ( Last visited on February 11, 2024)

[3] Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Gender: Bridging the gap available at : http://southernvoice.org/artificial- intelligence-ai-gender-bridging-the-gap/ ( Last visited on February 11, 2024)

[4] Sagar Dnyandev Patil, “Empowerment of Women Through Education and Training in Artificial Intelligence”

IGI Global 1-18 (2022)

[5] Artificial Intelligence: Offering ways to empower women available at: https://aischoolofindia.com/indian- mamas-code/artificial-intelligence-offering-ways-to-empower-women/ (Last visited on February 11, 2024)

[6] AI and Gender Equality available at : https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ai-and- gender- equality#:~:text=AI%20systems%20that%20are%20designed,their%20gendered%20names%20and%20voices. ( Last visited on February 11, 2024)

[9] In the eye of the beholder: AI optimism and female empowerment available at : https://mbzuai.ac.ae/news/in- the-eye-of-the-beholder-ai-optimism-and-female-empowerment/ ( Last visited on February 11, 2024)

[11] Artificial Intelligence Supporting The Cause of Gender Equality available at : https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/blog/artificial-intelligence-supporting-the-cause-of-gender-equality/ (Last visited on February 11, 2024)

[1] Sir Jack Beatson and Andrew Burrows and John Cartwright, Anson's Law of Contract (31st edn, Oxford University Press 2010) 299.

[5] R Yashod Vardhan, Chitra Narayan, Pollock & Mulla, The Indian Contract and Specific Relief Acts: Sections 1 to 72 (16th edn, Vol. 1, LexisNexis 2019) 412-457.

[7] TVS Row, D Gupta and PN Kumar, Sanjiva Row’s Commentary on Law Relating to Contract Act, 1872 and Tenders (Act No. IX of 1872): Section 1 to 30 (11^th edn., Delhi Law House 2011) 556-559.

[23] Robert B. Seidman, ‘Contract Law, the Free Market, and State Intervention: A Jurisprudential Perspective,’ (1973) 4(7) Journal of Economic Issues 553-575.

[27] Bix, Brian H., ‘Theories of contract law’ [2017] 7 Edward Elgar Publishing 11-12.

[29] Lewis Klar, ‘Duty of Care for Negligent Misrepresentation - and beyond,’ (2018) Advocates' Quarterly 48, no. 3: 235-252.

[1] Body of law created by judges and quasi-judicial authorities, creating precedents

[2] Conveys that he who does an act through another is considered to have done that act by himself

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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[12] AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 2541

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