INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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[1]Ram Ahuja, Criminology 215 (Rawat Publication 2020).

[2]Mamta Rao, Law relating to women and Children 213 (Eastern Book Company 2019).

[5]Prof. S.N. Misra, Indian Penal Code 702 (20^th ed. 2017).

[6] Vibha Arora, Women Laws 243 (Universal Law Publishing 2017).

[7] Walker v. Northumberland Country Council, 1995 ICR 702: 1995 IRLR 35.

[9] K. D. Gaur, Criminal Law 659 (Lexis Nexis, 2019).

[12] Shrestha Nandy, Increasing Sexual Harassment cases in India: An intimidating reality, iPleaders blog (May 2, 2022, 9:29 PM), https://blog.ipleaders.in/increasing-sexual-harassment-cases-in-india-an-intimidating-reality/

[17] Irene Mackay and Jill Earnshaw, Striking Around Sexual Harassment” (1995) 145 NEW LJ 340.

[20] Burlington Industries Inc v. Ellerth, 524 US 742 (1998): 141 L ED 2d 633.

[21] Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 US 775 (1998): US Lexis 4216.

[22]Linda Greenhouse, “Court Spells out of Rules for Finding Sex Harassment”, N.Y. Times, June 27, 1998 pg. 1.

[23] Davis v. Monroe Country Board of Education, 526 US 629 (1999).

[25]The IWI: International Women’s Initiative, (Last visited: May 9, 2022).

[32]Dr. S.C. Tripathi & Vibha Arora, Law relating to Women & Children 26(Central Law Publications, 2019).

[35] Dr. J.N. Pandey, Constitutional Law of India, 112 (Central Law Agency, 54^th Ed.).

[36] Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, (1993) 2 SCC 746: 1993 SCC (Cri) 527.

[37] Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum, (1985) 2 SCC 556: 1985 SCC (Cri) 245.

[38]Supreme Court of India, https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/13856.pdf. (Last visited: May 24, 2022).

[39] Apparel Export Promotion Council v. A.K. Chopra, (1991) 1 SCC 759.

[40] Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, (2013) 1 SCC 297: (2013) 1 SCC (Cri) 459.

[3] Dr. J.N. Pandey, Constitutional Law Of India, Fifty Third Edition

[4] Vaishali Bansal & Soumali Roy, All you need to know about marital rape, Blog. ipleader, 19. May.22, 9:45 pm, https://blog.ipleaders.in/need-know-marital-rape/

[5] Theresa Fus, Criminalizing Marital Rape: A Comparison of Judicial and Legislative Approaches, 39 Vanderbilt Law Review 481(2021), 8:25 pm

https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1484&context=vjtl

[6] Theresa Fus, Criminalizing Marital Rape: A Comparison of Judicial and Legislative Approaches, 39 Vanderbilt Law Review 481(2021), pg.483, 9:13 pm

https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1484&context=vjtl

[7] Adamo, Sonya A. Note, "The Injustice of the Marital Rape Exemption: A Survey of Common Law Countries." American University International Law Review 4, no. 3 (1989): 555-589, 9:59 pm https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1682&context=auilr

[8] Theresa Fus, Criminalizing Marital Rape: A Comparison of Judicial and Legislative Approaches, 39 Vanderbilt Law Review 481(2021), 11:11, pg.483

[9] A comparison of Judicial and Legislative Approaches, supra note 8, 481 at 483

[10] Theresa Fus, Criminalizing Marital Rape: A Comparison of Judicial and Legislative Approaches, 39 Vanderbilt Law Review 481(2021), 11:11, pg.483

[11] Pallavi Prasad, Why it’s still legal for Indian men to rape their wives, 11:43, https://theswaddle.com/marital-rape-inda-decriminalized-crime/

[12] A comparison of Judicial and Legislative Approaches, supra note 10, 481 at 483

[13] Rothman Lily, when spousal rape first became a crime in the U.S., 28. July.2015,https://time.com/3975175/spousal-rape-case-history/

[14] Deborah C. England, The History of marital rape laws, Criminal Defense Lawyer,https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/crime-penalties/marital-rape.htm (last visited on May. 24, 2022)

[16] Deborah C. England, supra note 14

[18] When spousal rape first became a crime in the U.S., supra note 13

[20] When spousal rape first became a crime in the USA, supra note 13

[22] The Texas Penal code is the principal criminal code of the U.S. state of Texas.

[24] Marital rape laws and penalties, supra note. 23

[25] Marital rape laws and penalties, supra note. 23

[26] Supra note 23

[27] California Penal Code, 1872, section 262, United State of America

[28] California Penal Code,1872, section 261, United State of America

[29] Sakshi Mehta, Criminalizing Marital Rape: A Comparative Analysis of Indian and US Laws, 13 PA, 1 ( Dec. 2020), http://www.penacclaims.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Sakshi-Mehta.pdf

[30] South Carolina Code, 1976, section 16-3-615, United State of America

[31] South Carolina Code of 1976, section 16-3-651 (h), United State of America

[32] South Carolina Code of 1976, United State of America

[33] Indian Penal Code,1860 , No.45, Act of Parliament, 1860 (India)

[35] Independent thought v. Union Of India, (2017) 10 SCC 800

[36] Sakshi Mehta, Criminalizing Marital Rape: A Comparative Analysis of Indian and US Laws, 13 PA, at 4 ( Dec. 2020), (25.May.2022, 9 pm)http://www.penacclaims.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Sakshi-Mehta.pdf

[38] Criminalizing marital rape: a comparative analysis of Indian and US laws, supra note 36 at 4

[39] The Constitution(One Hundred and First Amendment)Act,2016

[40] Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012

[41] The Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection of Children) Act,2015

[42] State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar, (1952) 75 SCR 284

[43] Criminalised marital rape : a comparative analysis of Indian and US Laws, supra note 36 at 6.

[48] Marital Rape and Violation of Constitution Provisions, supra note. 47

[50] Marital rape and violation of constitutional provision, supra note. 47.

[51] Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration, (2009) 9 SCC 1.

[52] Joseph Shine v. Union of India, (2018) SC 1676

[53] Sakshi Mehta, Criminalizing Marital Rape: A Comparative Analysis of Indian and US Laws, 13 PA, at 4 Dec. 2020, (27.May.2022, 10 pm)http://www.penacclaims.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Sakshi-Mehta.pdf

[1]https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/criminal-law-amendment/

[2]https://blog.ipleaders.in/criminal-law-amendment-act-2018-2/#Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_2018

[3]Id.; Rafiq v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1980) 4 SCC 262.

[5]http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s244535.htm.

[6]Martin S. Fiebert, References Examining Men as Victims of Women’s Sexual Coercion, 4 Sexuality and Culture 81-88 (2000).

[7]National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, AIR 2014 SC 1863.

[8]KesavanandaBharati v. State of Kerela, AIR 1973 SC 1461.

[10]R. Sreekumar, Access to Justice for Under Trial Prisoners: Problems and Solutions, Human Rights Initiative (1992).

[11]3 Neena S. Sawant, Suicide in Indian Prisoners, 2 Annals of Indian Psychiatry 1-3 (2018).

^{^[1]}Abhyudaya Agarwal & Prithwijit Gangopadhyay, use of modern scientific tests in investigation and evidence: mere desperation or justifiable in public interest? Vol.2 NUJS LAW REVIEW , 31-54 (2009)

^{^[3]}Suresh Bada Math, Supreme Court judgment on polygraph, narco-analysis & brain-mapping: A boon or a bane,

INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (May29,2020,1PM)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171915/

^{^[4]}Dinesh Dalmia v. State. Dinesh Dalmia v. State, CriLJ 2006 2401

^{^[6]}Suresh Bada Math, Supreme Court judgment on polygraph, narco-analysis & brain-mapping: A boon or a bane,

INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (May29,2020,1PM)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171915/

^{^[7]}Jajodia(Mozika), Jyoti. Emerging right to privacy an Indian perspective, SHODHGANGA@INFLIBNET (May 13, 2020 2PM) https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/137097

^{^[8]}In Francis Coralie vs. Union Territory of Delhi.^, AIR 1981 746

^{^[10]}Jajodia(Mozika), Jyoti. Emerging right to privacy an Indian perspective, SHODHGANGA@INFLIBNET (May 13, 2020 2PM) https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/137097

^{^[12]} Jajodia(Mozika), Jyoti. Emerging right to privacy an Indian perspective, SHODHGANGA@INFLIBNET (May 13, 2020 2PM) https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/137097

^{^[13]}⁸ Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Sec.131

^{^[14]}The Prevention of Money Laundering ACT, 2002 Sec. 71

[5] AIR 1957 Raj. 305, confirmed by the supreme court in State of Rajasthan v. Vidyawati, AIR 1962 SC 933

[10] All the decisions cited by the Chief Justice in present case have followed the P&O case. See also Ram Gulam v.UP Government AIR 1950 All206, Union of India v. Harbans Singh, AIR 1959 Punj.39; K.Krishnamurthy v. State of A.P A.I.R 1961 A.P. 283.

[13] Friedmann, Law in a Changing Society 383-391(1959)

[14] Friedmann, Law and Social Change 273 quoted in Law Commission’s First Report: Liability of State in Tort32 (1956)

[15] In Secretary of State v Cockcraft,(1914) I.L.R.39.Mad. 351, 357, “benefit” was derived an exception to state immunity. Union of India v. Ayed Ram, A.I.R 1958 Pat 439.

[16] https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2776/12/12_chapter%205.pdf

[17] V.Edwin M. Borchard, “Government Responsibility in Tort”,Y.L.J,757(1926)

[18] Quoted by G.P Verma, State Liability in India, 25,(1993)..

[19] https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2776/12/12_chapter%205.pdf

[22] 1 Section 2 of the Crown Proceeding Act 1947

[24] See Gregory C. Sisk, Official Wrongdoing and the Civil Liability of the Federal Government and Officers, 8 U. St. Thomas L.J. 295, 322 (2011), David W. Fuller, Intentional Torts and Other Exceptions to the Federal Tort Claims Act, 8 U. St. Thomas L.J. 375, 377 (2011)

[27] In re KBR, Inc., Burn Pit Litig., 744 F.3d 326, 331 (4^th Cir. 2014)

[28] 28 U.S.C. § 2671; U.S. Tobacco, 899 F.3d at 248

[29] 487 U.S. 500, 507 (1988) , United States v. Kimbell Foods, Inc., 440 U.S. 715, 728 (1979)

[30] Boyle, 487 U.S. at 512 , Saleh v. Titan Corp., 580 F.3d 1, 8 (D.C. Cir. 2009), Koohi v. United States, 976 F.2d 1328, 1336–37 (9^th Cir. 1992)

[31]Cabalce v. Thomas E. Blanchard & Assocs., Inc., 797 F.3d 720, 731 (9^th Cir. 2015)

[32] Durga Das Basu, Administrative law, Kamal Law House Kolkata, 2004. P 378

[1]LLM(Alternative Dispute Resolution), ICFAI Law School, Hyderabad, Telangana. B.A. LLB. (Hons.) Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur, C.G.

[2]Parra, Antonio R., ‘The Development of the Regulation and Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes’, ICSID REVIEW-FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAW JOURNAL.

[4] 2020 Annual Report, Excellence in Investment Dispute Resolution, ICSID.

[5] Mestral, de Armand. ‘The Impact of Investor-State Arbitration on Developing Countries’, CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE INNOVATION, November 2017.

[8]Sweta, Madhu and Tandon, Kanika. ‘Investment Arbitration – The Assignation & Its Way Ahead in India’, MONDAQ, August 2018.

[10]ISCID, Contracting States and Measures Taken by Them for the Purpose of the Convention (July 2020), https://icsid.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2020_July_ICSID_8_ENG.pdf.

[11]Ku, G. Julian. ‘Enforcement of ICSID Awards in the People' s Republic of China’, 6 CONTEMP. ASIA ARB. J. 31, 2013, https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship/293/.

[13]Guiguo, Wang. ‘Chinese Mechanisms for Resolving Investor-State Disputes’, JINDAL JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, vol. 1, Issue 1, October 2011, https://jgu-dev.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/section-3-forth-file.pdf.

[14]Allen, Richard and SC, Leng Sun Chan. ‘Comparative Chart of International Investment Arbitration Rules’, BAKER MAKENZIE, January 2017, https://globalarbitrationnews.com/3168-2-20170112/.

[1] K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[2] General Data Protection Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2016/679.

[3] Committee of Experts under the Chairmanship of Justice B.N. Srikrishna, A Free and Fair Digital Economy: Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians. Available at: https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Data_Protection_Committee_Report.pdf. (Last visited on 25 May, 2022).

[4] The Information Technology Act, 2000, Act No. 21 Of 2000.

[5] TheInformation Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/in/in098en.pdf. (Last visited on 25 May, 2022).

[6] The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, Bill No. 373 Of 2019.

[7] Committee Information on the Joint Committee on the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, Lok Sabha. Available at: http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=73&tab=1. (Last visited on 25 May, 2022).

[8]Key Takeaways: The JPC Report and the Data Protection Bill, 2021, Internet Freedom Foundation, https://internetfreedom.in/key-takeaways-the-jpc-report-and-the-data-protection-bill-2021-saveourprivacy-2/. (Last visited on 25 May, 2022).

[9] Mathew Chacko, AadyaMisra, A Guide to the Data Protection Bill, 2021, LEGAL500,

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[10] Smitha Krishna Prasad, Data Bill: Safe from prying Govt, Deccan Herald,

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[1]Substance abuse: Impact on Adolescents in India – Project UDAYA | Population Council Projectudaya.in, https://www.projectudaya.in/substance-abuse-impact-on-adolescents-in-india/ (last visited Nov 7, 2021)

[2]Dor.gov.in, https://dor.gov.in/sites/default/files/Narcotic-Drugs-and-Psychotropic-Substances-Act-1985.pdf (last visited Nov 7, 2021)

[3]Constitution of India Constitutionofindia.net, https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_of_india (last visited Nov 7, 2021)

[4]Substance abuse: Impact on Adolescents in India – Project UDAYA | Population Council Projectudaya.in, https://www.projectudaya.in/substance-abuse-impact-on-adolescents-in-india/ (last visited Nov 7, 2021)

[5]Himachal Pradesh mulls legalising cannabis cultivation: Here's why Deccan Herald, https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/himachal-pradesh-mulls-legalising-cannabis-cultivation-heres-why-965319.html#:~:text=banned%20in%20india%3F-,Cannabis%20and%20its%20derivatives%20are%20banned%20in%20India%20under%20the,of%20the%20cannabis%20sativa%20plant. (last visited Nov 7, 2021)

[6]UN reclassifies cannabis as a less dangerous drug Deccan Herald, https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/un-reclassifies-cannabis-as-a-less-dangerous-drug-922580.html (last visited Nov 7, 2021)

[1]Nandita Patil, Farmers Rights and Intellectual Property Rights Protection of Plant Varieties in India, 2 RURAL SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES JOURNAL 5, (2016).

[2] La Via Campesina, Seed Laws That Criminalise Farmers: Resistance and Fightback, GRAIN, https://grain.org/fr/article/entries/5142-seed-laws-that-criminalise-farmers-resistance-and-fightback.

[3]Tittonell P, Livelihood strategies, resilience and transformability in African agro- ecosystems, 126 AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS 3, 14 (2014).

[5] http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/ EAA847661F5C30D1852567F5005D8C3D.

[6]The Privatization of Seeds, RESET, https://en.reset.org/knowledge/privatisation-seeds.

[7] Neil Wilkof, Shamnad Basheer, Overlapping IP Rights, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013.

[8] The Protection of Plant Varieties And Farmers Rights Act, 2001, No. 53, Acts of Parliament, 2001 (India).

[9]The Protection of Plant Varieties And Farmers Rights Act, 2001, § 39(iv),No. 53, Acts of Parliament, 2001 (India).

[10]The Protection of Plant Varieties And Farmers Rights Act, 2001, § 39(2),No. 53, Acts of Parliament, 2001 (India).

[11] The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, No. 41, Acts of Parliament, 2002 (India).

[12] The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, No. 48, Acts of Parliament, 1999 (India).

[13]The Seeds Act, 1966, No. 54, Acts of Parliament, 1966 (India).

[14]The Seeds Act, 1966, § 3, No. 54, Acts of Parliament, 1966 (India).

[15]The Seeds Act, 1966, § 4, No. 54, Acts of Parliament, 1966 (India).

[16]The Seeds Act, 1966, § 8, No. 54, Acts of Parliament, 1966 (India).

[17]S P Bala Ravi, Farmers Rights, Their Scope and Legal Protection in India, BIODIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL (last accessed Sep. 16, 2021) https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/user_upload/online_library/publications/pdfs/Community_biodiversity_management/6.3.farmers_rights_protection_India.pdf.

[18]The Protection of Plant Varieties And Farmers Rights Act, 2001, § 39(iv), No. 53, Acts of Parliament, 2001 (India).

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EXPANDING CONTOURS OF PRIVACY RIGHTS (By- Shubharth Shukla & Arima Pankaj)

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