INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

FREEWHEELING FANTASY GAMING IN INDIA BY - ADITYA TALWAR & SAHIBPREET SINGH

Authors : ADITYA TALWAR & SAHIBPREET SINGH

Registration ID : 106624 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6623 & IJLRA6624

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : adityatalwar1345@gmail.com & sahib45asr@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-57123157/FREEWHEELING FANTASY GAMING IN INDIA

Corporate Social Responsibility Under Indian Perspective By - Vikram Chanchal

Authors : Vikram Chanchal

Registration ID : 106622 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6622

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : chanchalvikram9@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-32447358/Corporate Social Responsibility Under Indian Persp

Challenges And Reforms Under Hindu Adoption Laws By - Jaahnavi mishra

Authors : Jaahnavi mishra

Registration ID : 106621 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6621

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Mishrajaahnavi@gmail.com

Page No : 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-89913764/Challenges And Reforms Under Hindu Adoption Laws

UNVEILING THE LEGAL BATTLEFIELD: NAVIGATING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN COUNTER-TERRORISM MEASURES AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW BY - TANYA SHARDA

Authors : TANYA SHARDA

Registration ID : 106620 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6620

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : tanyasharda2005@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-76479297/UNVEILING THE LEGAL BATTLEFIELD: NAVIGATING THE IN

Delhi Vyapar Mahasangh V. Flipkart Internet Pvt.Lit & Another (2020) By - Ambika Kanwar Sisodiya & Shareeka H S

Authors : Ambika Kanwar Sisodiya & Shareeka H S

Registration ID : 106618 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6618 & IJLRA6619

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sisodiyaambika9@gmail.com & shareeka08@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-79216642/Delhi Vyapar Mahasangh V. Flipkart Internet Pvt.Li

ANALYSIS OF KEY STEPS TO PREPARE SYNOPSIS OF A LEGAL RESEARCH PROBLEM BY - MS. PRIYANKA CHOUDHARY

Authors : MS. PRIYANKA CHOUDHARY

Registration ID : 106617 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6617

Year : Dec-2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pchoudhary@ddn.upes.ac.in

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-84223591/ANALYSIS OF KEY STEPS TO PREPARE SYNOPSIS OF A LEG

OPERATION NEPTUNE SPEAR- THE LEGALITY OF THE ATTACK BY: ARCHI AGARWAL & MOHD YASIN

Authors : ARCHI AGARWAL & MOHD YASIN

Registration ID : 106615 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6615 & IJLRA6616

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Mohd.20gsol1030080@galgotiasuniversity.edu.in & my468522@gmail.com

Page No :09 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-38163741/OPERATION NEPTUNE SPEAR- THE LEGALITY OF THE ATTAC

FOSTERING MENSTRUAL HYGIENE: A COMPREHENSIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR INDIA BY: DR. SUSHMA SHARMA & MS. BHOOMIKA AHUJA

Authors : DR. SUSHMA SHARMA & MS. BHOOMIKA AHUJA

Registration ID : 106613 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6613 & IJLRA6614

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sushma.sharma@nliu.ac.in & bhoomikaahuja.phd@nliu.ac.in

Page No :21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-69368854/FOSTERING MENSTRUAL HYGIENE: A COMPREHENSIVE POLIC

MAHR IN INDIA BY - MOHD. YASIN

Authors : MOHD. YASIN

Registration ID : 106612 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6612

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Mohd.20gsol1030080@galgotiasuniversity.edu.in

Page No :09 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-27136466/MAHR IN INDIA

CROSSROADS OF CONTENTION: INDIA AND PAKISTAN AT THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE BY - UTKARSH PANDEY & MANSI

Authors : UTKARSH PANDEY & MANSI

Registration ID : 106609 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6609 & IJLRA6610

Year : Jan-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : professionalutkarsh96@gmail.com & Mansi.jjs@gmail.com

Page No :21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2024-79478828/CROSSROADS OF CONTENTION: INDIA AND PAKISTAN AT TH

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

Submit Manuscript:Click here

Licensing:

All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[1] Rishabh Bhansali, All You Need to Know about Fantasy Gaming? Why Is India Seeing a Rise in This Sector, The Times of India, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/all-you-need-to-know-about-fantasy-gaming-why-is-india-seeing-a-rise-in-this-sector/ (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[2] Gambling in India, Wikipedia (2023), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gambling_in_India&oldid=1187276680 (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[3] The Regulation of Fantasy Sports in India, The Times of India, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/legal-shack/the-regulation-of-fantasy-sports-in-india-53547/ (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[4] Global Legal Group, International Comparative Legal Guides, International Comparative Legal Guides International Business Reports, https://iclg.com/practice-areas/gambling-laws-and-regulations/india (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[5] Poker Legality in India | Is Poker Legal in India Online?, Pokerspot, https://www.pokerspot.in/poker-legality-in-india/ (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[6] Stewart-Jones et al. - 2016 - The International Comparative Legal Guide to Gamb.pdf, https://www.nishithdesai.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Research%20Articles/The_International_Comparative_Legal_Guide_to_Gambling_2016_Edition.pdf (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[7] ESPN Super Selector, Wikipedia (2022), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESPN_Super_Selector&oldid=1113769895 (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[8] The rise & rise of Dream11, and fantasy sports gaming in India - The Economic Times, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/the-rise-rise-of-dream11-and-fantasy-sports-gaming-in-india/articleshow/68544801.cms (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[9] Top 14 Indian Online Fantasy Game Startups | Fantasy Gaming, StartupTalky (2023), https://startuptalky.com/online-fantasy-gaming-startups-india/ (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[10] Fantasy sport, Wikipedia (2023), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_sport&oldid=1165513902 (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[11] Fantasy baseball, Wikipedia (2023), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_baseball&oldid=1171938679 (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[12] Conventus Law, Online Fantasy Sports In India: A Shift Towards Uniform Legal Approach., Conventus Law (May 18, 2021), https://conventuslaw.com/report/online-fantasy-sports-in-india-a-shift-towards/ (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[13] Evolution of fantasy sports in India - a short timeline | G2G News, https://g2g.news/fantasy-sports/evolution-of-fantasy-sports-in-india-a-short-timeline/ (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[15] Abhismita Sen, A Comprehensive Report on the Status of Online Fantasy Gaming in India and Its Growth Strategy via Digital Assets, through the Case Study of Fanfight, https://www.academia.edu/43760271/A_comprehensive_report_on_the_status_of_online_fantasy_gaming_in_India_and_its_growth_strategy_via_digital_assets_through_the_case_study_of_Fanfight (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[16] Ayushi Bhatti, The Evolution of Fantasy Sports In India: From Past to Present, Voice of Indian Sports - KreedOn (2021), https://www.kreedon.com/rise-of-fantasy-sports-in-india-e-sports-past-to-present-growth/ (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[17] Gourab Das, Fantasy Gaming Apps’ Revenue Jump to Rs 2,800 Crore during IPL 2023 amid Debate of Chance and Skill, The Economic Times, Jul. 4, 2023, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/fantasy-gaming-apps-revenue-jump-to-rs-2800-crore-from-ipl-2023-amid-debate-of-chance-and-skill/articleshow/101471442.cms (last visited Jan 3, 2024).

[18] India Gaming Market Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecast 2021 - 2026 - ResearchAndMarkets.com, (2021), https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210913005644/en/India-Gaming-Market-Growth-Trends-COVID-19-Impact-and-Forecast-2021---2026---ResearchAndMarkets.com (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[19] fantasy sports industry: Fantasy gaming to grow at 30% CAGR till 2027, regulatory clarity on GST to help: Report - The Economic Times, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/indias-fantasy-sports-industry-to-reach-50-cr-users-by-fy27-report/articleshow/99588808.cms (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[20] Top 15 fantasy gaming apps in India spent over Rs 5,000 Cr on ads in FY22, https://entrackr.com/2023/05/top-15-fantasy-gaming-apps-in-india-spent-over-rs-5000-cr-on-advertising-in-fy22/ (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[21] Sumit Jha, Major Trends to Reshape the Fantasy Sports Industry in 2022, The Times of India, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/major-trends-to-reshape-the-fantasy-sports-industry-in-2022/ (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[22] The Regulation of Fantasy Sports in India, supra note 5.

[23] NEXGENO, Online Fantasy Sports in India | Gaming Laws, Challenges & Regulations, https://www.ahlawatassociates.com, https://www.ahlawatassociates.com/blog/legality-of-fantasy-sports-in-india (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[28] Crl.OP. (MD) No. 6568 of 2020 & Crl.MP.(MD) No. 3340 of 2020.

[29] Myteam11 Fantasy Sports Private Limited vs. Union of India D.B. Civil Writ Petition No. 1100/2023.

[31] Fantasy Sports: Creating a virtuous cycle of sports development, https://fifs.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Fantasy-Sports-Industry-Report.pdf (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[32] Ganesh Makam, Regulatory Landscape of Online Gaming in India: Challenges and Prospects, (2023), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4484558 (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[33] Impact of 28% GST on Online Gaming in India, https://taxguru.in/goods-and-service-tax/impact-28-percent-gst-online-gaming-india.html (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[34]NITI Aayog, Responsible AI for All, 2022, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-11/Ai_for_All_2022_02112022_0.pdf (last visited Dec 25, 2023).

[37] How AI Can Make Fantasy Football Even More Fun | Built In, https://builtin.com/consumer-tech/artificial-intelligence-fantasy-football (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[38] Madhav Goswami, Dream11 Team Predictor with Python and Machine Learning, Analytics Vidhya (Jan. 22, 2021), https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/dream11-team-predictor-with-python-and-machine-learning-f0dfce1489eb (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[39] Daily Fantasy Fuel, Advanced NBA Lineup Optimizer for DraftKings and Fanduel, Daily Fantasy Fuel (2024), https://www.dailyfantasyfuel.com (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[40] ???? AI in Gaming | 5 Biggest Innovations (+40 AI Games) | Engati, https://www.engati.com/blog/ai-in-gaming (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[41] Play Fantasy Cricket - Download Fantasy Sports App - MyTeam11, https://www.myteam11.com/ (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[42] How Artificial Intelligence Can Empower The Future Of The Gaming Industry, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/07/13/how-artificial-intelligence-can-empower-the-future-of-the-gaming-industry/ (last visited Jan 4, 2024).

[1] ICRC, What is International Humanitarian Law, (2004), Available at https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/what_is_ihl.pdf.

[3] ICRC, “International Humanitarian Law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts” Report, 2015; Available at https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/15061/32ic-report-on-ihl-and-challenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf

[4] See also Global survey of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) and other relevant resolutions by Member States (S/2021/972), para. 713 ff

[7] See e.g., S/RES/1502 (2003); S/RES/1674 (2006); S/RES/1894 (2009); S/RES/2175 (2014); S/RES/2286 (2016); S/RES/2573 (2021); S/PRST/2019/8; S/PV.7779

[8] Counter-terrorism measures must not restrict impartial humanitarian organizations from delivering aid, International Committee of the Red Cross (2021), https://www.icrc.org/en/document/counter-terrorism-measures-must-not-restrict-impartial-humanitarian-organizations.

[11] Dustin A. Lewis, “Criminalization” of Humanitarian Action Under Counterterrorism Frameworks: Key Elements and Concerns, 112 Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 269 (2018).

[12] Nsabimana, Contemporary Challenges Posed by Counterterrorism Measures to IHL, SSRN Electronic Journal (2021). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3876853

[13] ICTY, The Prosecutor v. DuskoTadic, Judgment, IT-94-1-T, 7 May 1997, para. 561-568

[14] Common article 2 to the four Geneva conventions

[15] Self-defence | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook, casebook.icrc.org, https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/self-defence.

[17] Counter-Terrorism in the International Law Context COUNTER-TERRORISM LEGAL TRAINING CURRICULUM 1 A D V A N C E C O P Y, https://www.unodc.org/pdf/terrorism/CTLTC_CT_in_the_Intl_Law_Context_1_Advance_copy.pdf.

[1] P.S. Bhatnagar, “Data Interpretation and Report Writing”, 24 JILI 784 (1982).

[2] Dr H. N. Tiwari, Legal Research Methodology 222 (Allahabad law Agency, Faridabad, 2006).

[3] Amy E. Sloan, Basic Legal Research: Tools and Strategies 333( ASPEN Publishers, New York, 3^rd Ed. 2006).

[4] C.P.Kothari, Research Methodology : Methods and Techniques 348 (New Age international Publishers, 2^nd Ed. 2012).

[5] Brayan A. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary 1464 (7^th Ed.)

[6] Pan American Health Organization, Guide for Writing a Research Protocol 3( PAHO, USA, 2012).

[7] Dr. S.R. Myneni, Legal Research Methodology 266 (Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, 4^th Ed. 2009).

[9] It is recognized that not all research requires the formulation of a hypothesis for subsequent empirical verification. However, all research should explain its general and specific objectives.

[12] National Defence Universty, Guidelines for Synopsis and Thesis Preparation (NDU, Islamabad, 2012).

[13] University of Punjab, Writing Synopsis for a Ph.D.Research Project (PU, chandigarh, 2012)

[1] The author is a student of BBA.LLB(Hons.) at Galgotias University, Greater Noida.

[2] The author is a student of BBA.LLB(Hons.) at Galgotias University, Greater Noida.

[3] ‘Killing of Osama bin Laden’(Wikipedia)< https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden> accessed on 12 August 2023

[4] Charlie Savage, ‘How 4 Federal Paved the Way to Kill Osama bin Laden’( The New York Times, 28 October 2015)< https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/us/politics/obama-legal-authorization-osama-bin-laden-raid.html> accessed 13 August 2023

[5] The Authorization for Use of Military Force 2001

[8] Customary International Humanitarian Law 2005, Rule 1

[9] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, came into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR)

[11] Christian Schaller, ‘ Using Force Against Terrorists ‘Outside Areas of Active Hostilities’ – The Obama Approach and the Bin Laden Raid Revisited ‘ (2015) 20 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 195,209.

[12] Amanda Elfstrom, ‘The killing of Osama bin Laden, Was it Lawful?’ ( Diva Portal, 2011 )< http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:506500/FULLTEXT01.pdf > accessed 16 August 2023

[1] The author is a student at School of Law, Galgotias University, Greater Noida.

[2] §125 Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents.—(1) If any person having sufficient means neglects or refuses to maintain— (a) his wife, unable to maintain herself, or (b) his legitimate or illegitimate minor child, whether married or not, unable to maintain itself, or (c) his legitimate or illegitimate child (not being a married daughter) who has attained majority, where such child is, by reason of any physical or mental abnormality or injury unable to maintain itself, or (d) his father or mother, unable to maintain himself or herself.

[3] Carroll, L. (1985). MAHR AND MUSLIM DIVORCEE’S RIGHT TO MAINTENANCE. Journal of the Indian Law Institute, 27(3), 487–495. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43952254 (Accessed: 02 January 2024).

[2] Judicial Magistrate First Class, Rajmahal, Sahibgunj, Jharkhand Judicial Services

^{^[3]} Nagendra Singh, “International Court of Justice – Watchman of the World Peace and Order” (18 October 1970) 87

^{^[4]} Rosenne’s Law and Practice, Vol. I, Chapter 1, para. I.4.

^{^[5]} Designation of Workers’ Delegate for the Netherlands at the Third Session of the International Labour Conference, Advisory Opinion (31^st of July 1922) PCIJ.

^{^[7]} Article 43 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

^{^[8]} Article 39 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

^{^[9]} Leo Gross, ‘The International Court of justice: Consideration of Requirements for Enhancing its Role in the International Legal Order’, AJIL, Vol.65(1971) p.281.

^{^[11]} Aricles 4 and 5 of the ICJ statute. In practice, governments exercise a major influence upon the nomination process of the national groups. Merrills, International Dispute Settlement, p. 134

^{^[15]} Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua vs. Colombia), Judgement, 19^th November 2012. Available at https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/124 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[16]} Article 39 of the Statute: The official languages of the ICJ are English and French.

^{^[17]} Nicaragua chose Mr. Gilbert Guillaune – France; Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rice vs. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213 https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/133 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[18]} Bahrain chose Mr. Yves Fortier; Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain, Merits, Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 46 https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/87 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[19]} Professors Pellet, Crawford, Kohen, Brownlie and Abi-Saab.

^{^[24]} United Kingdom vs Albania, 1948 available at https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/1 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[27]} Available at - https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/32 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[28]} Available at -https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/54 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[29]} Available at -https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/60 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[32]} Kulbhushan Yadav, alias (alleged- Hussain Mubarak Patel), “What the ICJ had to say in the Kulbhushan Yadav Case”, The Wire on 18 July 2019 available at https://thewire.in/law/full-text-kulbhushan-jadhav-icj-judgment accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[33]} Salman Masood (29 March 2016) “Pakistan releases Video of Indian Officer, saying that he’s a spy”. The New York Times on 30 March 2016, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/world/asia/pakistan-releases-video-of-indian-officer-saying-hes-a-spy.html accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[34]} “Pakistan claims arrest of ‘RAW Agent’ in Balochistan. What happens next” The Wire on 27 March 2016 available https://thewire.in/diplomacy/pakistan-claims-arrest-of-raw-agent-in-balochistan-what-happens-next at accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[35]} Press Release, International Court of Justice on 9 May 2017 available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/168/19420.pdf accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[36]} Article 36 (1) (b): “With a view to facilitating the exercise of consular functions relating to nationals of the sending State:

(a)…

(b) if he so requests, the competent authorities of the receiving State shall, without delay, inform the consular post of the sending State if, within its consular district, a national of that State is arrested or committed to prison or to custody pending trial or is detained in any other manner. Any communication addressed to the consular post by the person arrested, in prison, custody or detention shall be forwarded by the said authorities without delay. The said authorities shall inform the person concerned without delay of his rights under this subparagraph;”

^{^[37]} Article 14 of the ICCPR reads: “All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals:

1. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The Press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.

2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.

3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality:

(a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him;

(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defense and to communicate with counsel of his own choosing;

(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;

(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;

(f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court;

(g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.

4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such as will take account of their age and the desirability of promoting their rehabilitation.

5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal according to law.

6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be compensated according to law, unless it is proved that the non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or partly attributable to him.

7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.”

^{^[39]} “India, Pakistan ink deal on consular access for prisoners” India Today on 21 May 2008, available at https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/india-pakistan-ink-deal-on-consular-access-for-prisoners-25525-2008-05-21 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[40]} Press release, International Court of Justice on 18 May 2017, available at https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/168/19440.pdf accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[41]} Article 1 of OP-VCCR reads: “Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and may accordingly be brought before the Court by an application made by any party to the dispute being a Party to the present Protocol”

^{^[42]} Article 2(1) reads: “The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.”

^{^[44]} “The Kulbhushan Jadhav Verdict: A certain win, with uncertain outcomes” Observer Research Foundation on 19 July 2019 available at https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-kulbhushan-jadhav-verdict-a-certain-win-with-uncertain-outcomes-53188/ accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

^{^[45]} “Kulbhushan Jadhav was under pressure to parrot false Pakistani narrative : India after consular meet” India Today on 3 September 2019 available at https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kulbhushan-jadhav-was-under-pressure-to-parrot-false-pakistani-narrative-india-after-consular-meet-1594608-2019-09-02 accessed on 25/03/2021 at 02:04 PM.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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