INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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[1] Qur’an 24: 30-31, 24: 60, 33: 59 and 33: 53; Abdullah Yusuf Ali The Qur’an Text, Translation and Commentary (2001) p904-905.

[1] Christina Baker ‘French Headscarves and the U.S Constitution: Parents, Children and Free Exercise of Religion’ (2008) 13 Cardozo Journal of Law and Gender 341, 359.

[1] Mukul Saxena ‘The French Headscarf Law and the Right to Manifest Religious Belief’ (2007) 84 University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 765, 779-780; Susan Tiefenbrun ‘The Semiotics of Women’s Human Rights in Iran’ (2008) 23 Connecticut Journal of International Law 1, 25; Jeremy Gunn ‘Religious Freedom and Laicite: A Comparison of the United States and France’ (2004) Brigham Young University Law Review 419, 471; Robert Kahn ‘The Headscarf as Threat: A Comparison of German and US Legal Discourses’ (2007) 40 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 417, 438.

[1] T Jeremy Gunn ‘Religious Freedom and Laicite: A Comparison of the United States and France’ (2004) Brigham Young University Law Review 419, 471-472

[1] Aliah Abdo ‘The Legal Status of Hijab in the United States: A Look at the Sociopolitical Influences on the Legal Right to Wear the Muslim Headscarf’ (2008) 5 Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal 441, 441, 449; Mark Levine ‘The Modern Crusade: An Investigation of the International Conflict Between Church and State’ (2009) 40 California Western International Law Journal 33, 41. Susan Tiefenbrun, ‘The Semiotics of Women’s Human Rights in Iran’ (2008) 23 Connecticut Journal of International Law 1, 19.

[1] Elisabeth Badinter, Interview with L Joffin The Nouvel Observateur (1989) p7-11; Nilufer Gole ‘The Voluntary Adoption of Islamic Stigma Symbols’ (2003) 70 Social Research 809, 817-818.

[1] Adrien Wong and Monica Smith ‘Critical Race Feminism Lifts the Veil?: Muslim Women, France and the Headscarf Ban’ (2006) 39 University of California Davis Law Review 743, 761-763. Others note that in other cultures such as the Berber-speaking Tuareg of West Africam men veil, and masks are common in other cultures, which has not attracted the same controversy as that of a woman veiling: John Borneman ‘Veiling and Women’s Intelligibility’ (2009) 30 Cardozo Law Review 2745, 2748-2749.

[1] [2006] UKHL 15, [94], quoting Yasmin Alibhai-Brown that ‘what critics of Islam fail to understand is that when they see a young woman in a hijab she may have chosen the garment as a mark of her defiant political identity and also as a way of regaining control over her body’.

[1] Nusrat Choudhury ‘From the Stasi Commission to the European Court of Human Rights: L’Affaire du Foulard and the Challenge of Protecting the Rights of Muslim Girls’ (2007) 16 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 199, 218.

[1] Mohja Kahf, From Her Royal Body the Robe Was Removed: The Blessing of the Veil and the Trauma of Forced Unveilings in the Middle East, in The Veil: Women Writers On Its History, Lore, And Politics 27 (Jennifer Heath ed., 2008); Pamela K. Taylor, I Just Want to Be Me: Issues in Identity for One American Muslim Woman, in The Veil: Women Writers On Its History, Lore And Politics, 27 (Jennifer Heath ed., 2008), at 120

[1] Headgear in Muslim Lands: Beyond the Burqa, The Economist, May 13, 2010, at 67, available at http://www.economist.com/node/16113081; Karima Bennoune, Secularism and Human Rights: A Contextual Analysis of Headscarves, Religious Expression, and Women’s Equality Under International Law, 45 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 367, 390 (2006).

[1] Olivier Guitta, Why France is Right About the Burqa, Globalpost, Feb. 26, 2010, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/worldview/100225/france-burqa-banhuman-rights (quoting Fadela Amara, the French Secretary of State for Urban Policies, who said “the burqa confiscates a woman’s existence . . . I favor banning this coffin for women’s basic liberties.”); Maj. David J. Western, Islamic Purse Strings: The Key to the Amelioration of Women’s Legal Rights in the Middle East, 61 A.F. L. Rev. 79, 140-41 (2008) (addressing the social problems created by forcing women to wear a hijab in Saudi Arabia).

[1] Faegheh Shirazi, The Veil Unveiled: The Hijab In Modern Culture 20 (2001).

[1] Asra Q. Nomani, Hijab Chic, Slate, Oct. 27, 2005, http://www.slate.com/id/ 2128906/ (describing a Nordstrom fashion show in Virginia that was directed to conservative Muslim women); Shaimaa Khalil, Muslim Designers Mix the Hijab with Latest Fashions, BBC, May 14, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10105062; A Tribute to Arabian Beauty, Silvikrin (2009), available at http://adsoftheworld.com/media/ print/silvikrin_veil (shampoo advertisement depicting a woman whose hair covers her face as a veil would; the advertisement was meant for Saudi Arabian audiences, but it was created by a British company).

[1] Univ. Coll. Dublin Islamic Soc’y, Hijab Fashion Show 2010, Wordpress (Feb. 13, 2010), http://hijabfashionshow.wordpress.com/.

[1] Marnia Lazreg, Questioning The Veil: Open Letters To Muslim Women 54-55 (2009).

[1] St. Joseph of Cupertino is the patron saint of test-takers. The author presumes that St. Joseph pendants are quite popular with Catholic students on test days.

[1] See Jennifer Stanfield, Faith Healing and Religious Treatment Exemptions to Child-Endangerment Laws: Should Parents be Allowed to Refuse Necessary Medical Treatment for Their Children Based On Their Religious Beliefs, 22 Hamline J. Pub. L. & Pol’y 45, 85 (2000) (discussing parental rights to deny their children healthcare based on religious beliefs); Janna C. Merrick, Spiritual Healing, Sick Kids and the Law: Inequities in the American Healthcare System, 29 Am. J. L. & Med. 269, 297 (2003) (arguing that U.S. courts cannot permit parents to deny their children medical care based on religious beliefs).

[1] Jean Rivero ‘Laicite Scolaire et Signes d’Apparentenance Religieuse (1990) 6 Revue Francaise de Droit Administratif 1, 6; Elisa Beller ‘The Headscarf Affair: The Conseil d’Etat on the Role of Religion and Culture in French Society’ (2004) 39 Texas International Law Journal 581, 611.

[1] Stasi Commission Report, 4.2.2.1; cf Dina Alsowayel ‘Commentary: The Elephant in the Room: A Commentary on Steven Guy’s Analysis of the French Headscarf Ban’ (2006) 42 Houston Law Review 103, speaking of the French ban, ‘A young French Muslim girl who was previously shrouded in the hijab removes it to go to school. By removing her cover, she is suddenly more receptive to other ideas regarding matters of faith and can now freely choose among them. This reasoning indicates a woeful lack of understanding about the hijab and Islam’ (107).

[1] The Report has been trenchantly criticised: see Nusrat Choudhury ‘From the Stasi Commission to the European Court of Human Rights: L’Affaire du Foulard and the Challenge of Protecting the Rights of Muslim Girls’ (2007) 16 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 199; Dominique Custos ‘Secularism in French Public Schools: Back to War? The French Statute of March 15, 2004’ (2006) 54 American Journal of Comparative Law 337; T Jeremy Gunn ‘Religious Freedom and Laicite: A Comparison of the United States and France’ (2004) Brigham Young University Law Review 419, 468-473; Mukul Saxena ‘The French Headscarf Law and the Right to Manifest Religious Belief’ (2007) 84 University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 765.

[1] The French Government moved to extend the ban in 2010 beyond the educational context.

[1] Dominique Custos ‘Secularism in French Public Schools: Back to War? The French Statute of March 15, 2004’ (2006) 54 American Journal of Comparative Law 337, 373.

[1] The findings have been criticised: see for example Ingvill Thorson Plesner ‘Legal Limitations to Freedom of Religion or Belief in School Education’ (2005) 19 Emory International Law Review 557, 572-573: ‘it is hardly a sign of tolerance to not accept symbols that are carried by women of a particular religious tradition’.

[1] Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) v Turkey App Nos 41340/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98, 37 European Human Rights Report 1 (2003); Kathryn Boustead ‘The French Headscarf Law Before the European Court of Human Rights’ (2007) 16 Journal of Transnational Law and Policy 167.

[1] The notion that Turkey is secular is contestable: Benjamin Bleiberg ‘Unveiling the Real Issue: Evaluating the European Court of Human Rights’ Decision to Enforce the Turkish Headscarf Ban in Sahin v Turkey’ (2006) 91 Cornell Law Review 129, 153.

[1] The ban was subsequently lifted in 2008: Frances Raday ‘Traditionalist Religious and Cultural Challengers – International and Constitutional Human Rights Responses’ (2008) 41 Israel Law Review 596, 613.

[1] Nusrat Choudhury ‘From the Stasi Commission to the European Court of Human Rights: L’Affaire Du Foulard and the Challenge of Protecting the Rights of Muslim Girls’ (2007) 16 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 199; Jennifer Westerfield ‘Behind the Veil: An American Legal Perspective on the European Headscarf Debate’ (2006) 54 American Journal of Comparative Law 637; Natan Lerner ‘How Wide the Margin of Appreciation? The Turkish Headscarf Case, the Strasbourg Court, and Secularist Tolerance’ (2005) 13 Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution 65; Cindy Skach (2006) 100 American Journal of International Law 186; Jennifer Westerfield ‘Behind the Veil: An American Legal Perspective on the European Headscarf Debate’ (2006) 54 American Journal of Comparative Law 637.

[1] Benjamin Bleiberg ‘Unveiling the Real Issue: Evaluating the European Court of Human Rights’ Decision to Enforce the Turkish Headscarf Ban in Sahin v Turkey’ (2006) 91 Cornell Law Review 129, 162.

[1] This was largely on the basis that the complainant could choose to attend other schools which would accept her wearing the jilbab to school; the court concluded that the complainant had ‘sought a confrontation’ on the matter, and that Article 9 ‘does not require that one should be allowed to manifest one’s religion at any time and place of one’s own choosing. Common civility also has a place in the religious life’ (Lord Hoffmann, [50]); to like effect Lord Bingham [25] and Lord Scott [87-89].

[1] See also R and Headteachers of Y School and the Governors of Y School [2006] EWHC 298.

[1]CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA, published by Lok Sabha SECRETARIAT, PARLIAMENT LIBRARY AND REFERENCE, RESEARCH, DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SERVICE (LARRDIS)

[1]Capital Punishment by Dr. Subhash C. Gupta, 2000, p. 1

[1]Law Commission of India, Report No.262 on Death Penalty, August 2015, pp.176, 179

[1] Rupali Samuel, The Acquittal in Mahmood Farooqui case, BAR & BENCH (March 2, 2022, 10:55 AM), https://www.barandbench.com/columns/acquittal-mahmood-farooqui-case.

[1]Severyna Magill, “Farooqui v State Government of Delhi: Confusing Consent” (OxHRH Blog, 22November, 2017) https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/farooqui-v-state-government-of-delhi-confusing-consent/

[1]Naresh Kumar v. Meer Singh, 2020 SCC Online Del 398, decided on 28-01-2020.

[1]Explanation 2, § 375, Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[1]Idan Singh v. State of Rajasthan, 1977 CriLJ 556, 1976 (9) WLN 665.

[1]State of Maharashtra vs. Madhukar Narayan (1990).

[1]State of U.P.v. PappuYunus&Anr., AIR 2005 SC 1248.

[1]Arrian, The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 3rd Century BC

[1]Agrahari, Gunjan (2011). Law Relating to Dowry Prohibition, Cruelty, and Harassment: An up-to-Date, Lucid, and Exhaustive Commentary with Case Law on the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. Delhi: India Law House. pp. 36–55.

[1]Suman. Nalwa and Hari Dev. Kohli (2011). Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Death, Cruelty to Women & Domestic Violence. New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. pp. 362–364.

[1]Dowry laws: Loopholes and Possibilities of misuse Legalservicesindia.com, http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/2034/Dowry-laws:-Loopholes-and-Possibilities-of-misuse.html#:~:text=Currently%2C%20the%20Act%20prohibits%20the,term%20of%20imprisonment%20of%20between (last visited Apr 28, 2022)

[1]Manchandia, Purna (2005). "Practical Steps towards Eliminating Dowry and Bride-Burning in India". Tul. J. Int'l & Comp.

[1] DOWRY-MURDERS IN INDIA: THE LAW & ITS ROLE IN THE CONTINUANCE OF THE WIFE BURNING PHENOMENON- Sainabou Musa-pg- 238

[1] Id. at 816 (citing Kans v. State of Punjab, 556 LRI 3 (2000)

[1]Defined by the United Nations Office on drugs and crime

[1] Article 23(1) of the Constitution of India, 1950

[1] Article 51(e) of the Constitution of India, 1950

[1]Helplinelaw.com. 2022. Domestic Violence in India. [online] Available at: <https://www.helplinelaw.com/family-law/DVLI/domestic-violence-in-india.html>

[1]BBC News. 2013. Stuntman Eddie Kidd's wife Samantha jailed for assaulting him. [online] Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-23535011>

[1]Ncjrs.gov. 2000. Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women. [online] Available at: <https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf>

[1]Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2018. Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia, 2018, Summary - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. [online] Available at: <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domestic-violence/family-domestic-sexual-violence-in-australia-2018/summary>

[1]Ncrb.gov.in. 2018. Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India 2018. [online] Available at: <https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2018-FULL-REPORT-2018.pdf>

[1]Gupta, S., 2020. Domestic violence against men in India - iPleaders. [online] iPleaders. Available at: <https://blog.ipleaders.in/domestic-violence-men-india/#Statistics_on_domestic_violence_against_men_in_India>

[1]Kumar, A., 2012. Domestic Violence against Men in India: A Perspective. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, [online] 22(3), pp.290-296. Available at: <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10911359.2012.655988>

[1]Chhetri, S., 2018. MISUSE OF ANTI-DOWRY LAW BY WOMEN. [online] Jcil.lsyndicate.com. Available at: <https://jcil.lsyndicate.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Shreya.pdf>

[1]Lawcommissionofindia.nic.in. 2015. Reforms in Guardianship and Custody Laws in India. [online] Available at: <https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/Report%20No.257%20Custody%20Laws.pdf>

[1]Ians, Men's rights groups ask law comm for legal curbs to Domestic Violence Act abuse by women Home - Legally India - Career Intelligence for Lawyers, Law Students (2015), https://www.legallyindia.com/the-bench-and-the-bar/law-comm-asked-for-legal-curbs-to-domestic-violence-act-abuse-by-women-20150929-6680

[1]IndiaToday.in, 53.2 per cent rape cases filed between April 2013-July 2014 false, says DCW India Today (2014), https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/false-rape-cases-in-delhi-delhi-commission-of-women-233222-2014-12-29

R. George wright, the role of intuition in judicial decision-making, 42 houses. l. rev. 1381, 1420 (2006)

wrongful conviction: international perspectives on miscarriages of justice

D.K... Basu v. State of West Bengal, 1997 SC 610, 18th December 1996

rudulsah vs state of bihar and another on 1 august 1983 equivalent citations: 1983 air 1086, 1983 scr (3) 508 bench: chandrachud, y.v. ((cj)karma oraon vs the state of bihar (now jharkhand) on 6 july,2018

Offences by or Relating to Public Servants from the Indian Penal Code

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

FAKE NEWS: LEGAL ANALYSIS OF FALSE AND MISLEADING NEWS AND CYBER PROPAGANDA (by- Dr. S. Krishnan & Ms. Rashmi Rana)

Hijab: A Fundamental Right Or Choice? (By - Dr.S.Krishnan & Ms. Arshi Sharma)

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA (By- Srikar Krishna B R)

An Analysis Of Sexual Harassment Of Women At Workplace In India (by-G Manoj)

MAHMOOD FAROOQUI V. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI A Flawed Judgment Deciding The Consent Of Women For Sexual Intercourse ( BY-Nitin Kalson)

DOWRY, DOWRY LAWS AND THE STILL EXISTING CONCERNS (Cyriac Joseph)

There Is One Absolute Commonality Amongst The Victims Of Human Trafficking; The Loss Of Personal Freedom. (By- Ashiev VM)

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN IN INDIA AND THE ROLE OF GENDER BIASED LAWS IN IT (By- Sakthi Saravanan N)

The Pegasus Project: Inexhaustible State Surveillance (By- Sthapitha Thangamma)

WRONGFUL CONVICTION – HOW CAN THE STATE UNDO THE HARM? (By-Rahul Sagar)

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