INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON USAGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING INVESTIGESTION IN CRIMINAL MATTER BY – SUKRITI SOMYA

Authors: SUKRITI SOMYA

Registration ID: 105710 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5710

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: sweetsomu0525@gmail.com

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PRESUMPTION OF LEGITIMACY OF CHILD UNDER SECTION 112 INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT 1872: BY - PANKAJ NAGAR & AKANKSHA SHARMA

Authors: PANKAJ NAGAR & AKANKSHA SHARMA

Registration ID: 105696 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5696 & IJLRA5697

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: nagars623@gmail.com & akankshasharma630@gmail.com

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HUMAN RIGHTS OF HIV- INFLICTED PERSONS: ROLE OF NGOs IN INDIA BY - YASH KUMAR

Authors: YASH KUMAR

Registration ID: 105695 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5695

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: yashkumarlohia@gmail.com

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ARTICLE 21 & ABORTION BY - MAKAM GANESH KUMAR

Authors: MAKAM GANESH KUMAR

Registration ID: 105694 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5694

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 21jgls-mgkumar@jgu.edu.in

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THE JUSTIFICATION FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS BY - MAKAM GANESH KUMAR

Authors: MAKAM GANESH KUMAR

Registration ID: 105693 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5693

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 21jgls-mgkumar@jgu.edu.in

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2023-95644249/THE JUSTIFICATION

AN APPRAISAL OF THE LEGALITY OF UNILATERAL DECLARATIONS OF INDEPENDENCE: DISTINGUISHING CRIMEA, LUHANSK, DONETSK from KOSOVO BY - MAKAM GANESH KUMAR & RITAM DUTTA

Authors: MAKAM GANESH KUMAR & RITAM DUTTA

Registration ID: 105691 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5691 & IJLRA5692

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 21jgls-mgkumar@jgu.edu.in & 21jgls-rdutta@jgu.edu.in

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2023-47122224/AN APPRAISAL OF THE LEGALITY

A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF SHREDDING THE CORPORATE VEIL OF BUSINESS ENTITIES TO COMBAT WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES BY - BHAVANA SURAGANI & SRAVISHTHA T

Authors: BHAVANA SURAGANI & SRAVISHTHA T

Registration ID: 105708 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5708 & IJLRA5709

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: 19jgls-bhavana.s@jgu.edu.in & 19jgls-sravishtha.t@jgu.edu.in

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ANALYZING MORAL RIGHTS IN THE LIGHT OF INDIAN COPYRIGHT LAW BY - ARCHANA SHUKLA & DR. JANE EYRE MATHEW

Authors: ARCHANA SHUKLA & DR. JANE EYRE MATHEW

Registration ID: 105706 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5706 & IJLRA5707

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: archanashukla5428@gmail.com & jemathew@amity.edu

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS THAT INFLUENCE COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN RELATION TO CINEMATOGRAPHIC FILM & SOUND RECORDINGS - MEHAK KAUSHIK & DR. JANE EYRE MATHEW

Authors: MEHAK KAUSHIK & DR. JANE EYRE MATHEW

Registration ID: 105704 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5704 & IJLRA5705

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: mehakkaushik9@gmail.com & jemathew@amity.edu

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THE FUNCTIONALITY BETWEEN IPR AND COMPETITION LAW: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES BY - DISHA MOITRA

Authors: MAHANTESH G S

Registration ID: 105685 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5685

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: mahantesh.gs@alliance.edu.in

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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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[2] www.mha.gov.in/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2021-pdfs/rs-24032021/3266.pdf, last seen 10/02/2023

[4]https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-police-to-use-space-tech-for-crime-control/articleshow/50887300.cms

[5]https://odishapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/GoodWork/MO%20SAATHI.%20%281%29.pdf,last seen 10/02/2023

[6]https://www.india.gov.in/official-website-national-investigation-agency,last seen 10/02/2023

https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/investigative-uses-of-technology-devices-tools-and-techniques.html

[7]https://www.india.gov.in/official-website-national-investigation-agency, last seen 10/02/2023

[8]https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/investigative-uses-of-technology-devices-tools-and-techniques.html

https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/investigative-uses-of-technology-devices-tools-and-techniques.html

[9]https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/investigative-uses-of-technology-devices-tools-and-techniques.html

[10]http://lawhelpline.in/PDFs/INVESTIGATION%20_OF_CRIMES/INVESTIGATION.pdf

[13]https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-shraddha-walkar-murder-nithari-killings-aarushi-talwar-cases-where-narco-test-used-to-dig-up-truth-aaftab-3003816

[14]https://indianlawportal.co.in/role-of-forensic-science-in-a-criminal-investigation/

[15]https://www.forensicfingerprint.in/2020/03/indian-court-rulings-on-fingerprint.html, last seen 10/02/2023

[16]www.forensicscolleges.com/blog/resources/csi-vs-forensic-science, last seen 10/02/2023

[17]https://stahlesq.com/technology-crime-investigations/

[18]https://morungexpress.com/staqu-launches-ai-app-police, last seen 10/02/2023

[19]https://www.ijlmh.com/paper/law-of-forensic-evidence-in-india-and-abroad-a-comparative-study/ last seen 10/02/2023

[1] S. V. J0ga Ra0, HIV/AIDS and Legal, Ethical & Human Rights C0ncerns, Nati0nal Law Sch00l 0f India University, 2010

[2] Gable, Lance, Legal Aspects 0f HIV/AIDS : A guide f0r p0licy and Law Ref0rm; W0rld Bank Publicati0ns, (2007).

[3] The J0int United Nati0ns Pr0gramme 0n HIV and AIDS, www.unaids.0rg.

[4] S. V. J0ga Ra0, HIV/AIDS and Legal, Ethical & Human Rights C0ncerns, Nati0nal Law Sch00l 0f India University, 2010

[5] Shrcellhas, Jaya and Auth0ry Calac0; Br0adening the fr0nt: NGO resp0nses t0 HIV and AIDS in India; Fr0ntline 1996.

[1] Makam Ganesh Kumar – LLB 3yr, OP. Jindal Global University.

[2] Article 21 in The Constitution of India 1949 - Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law

[3] Registered medical practitioner means a registered medical practitioner within the meaning of the Medical Practice Act 1994

[4] Article 226 in The Constitution of India 1949 - Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

1. Notwithstanding anything in Article 32 every High Court shall have powers, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibitions, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose

2. The power conferred by clause [ 1] to issue directions, orders or writs to any Government, authority or person may also be exercised by any High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises for the exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or authority or the residence of such person is not within those territories

3. Where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of injunction or stay or in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings relating to, a petition under clause [ 1], without

a. furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents in support of the plea for such interim order; and

b. giving such party an opportunity of being heard, makes an application to the High Court for the vacation of such order and furnishes a copy of such application to the party in whose favour such order has been made or the counsel of such party, the High Court shall dispose of the application within a period of two weeks from the date on which it is received or from the date on which the copy of such application is so furnished, whichever is later, or where the High Court is closed on the last day of that period, before the expiry of the next day afterwards on which the High Court is open; and if the application is not so disposed of, the interim order shall, on the expiry of that period, or, as the case may be, the expiry of the aid next day, stand vacated

4. The power conferred on a High Court by this article shall not be in derogation of the power conferred on the Supreme Court by clause [ 2] of Article 32

[5] A body of medical experts responsible for the examination of military personnel, the maintenance of public health, or the regulation of medical practitioners.

[6] UNICEF India, https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/maternal-health (last visited Apr. 7, 2021).

[8] XYZ v. Union of India [W.P. 10835 of 2018]

[9] Section 5 in The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 - Sections 3 and 4 when not to apply. -

1. The provisions of section 4, and so much of the provisions of sub-section [2] of section 3 as relate to the length of the pregnancy and the opinion of not less than two registered medical practitioners, shall not apply to the termination of a pregnancy by a registered medical practitioner in a case where he is of opinion, formed in good faith, that the termination of such pregnancy is immediately necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.

2. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Penal Code [45 of 1860], the termination of pregnancy by a person who is not a registered medical practitioner shall be an offence punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years, but which may extend to seven years under that Code, and that Code shall, to this extent, stand modified.

3. Whoever terminates any pregnancy in a place other than that mentioned in section 4, shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years, but which may extend to seven years.

4. Any person being owner of a place which is not approved under clause [b] of section 4 shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years, but which may extend to seven years.

Explanation 1.-For the purposes of this section, the expression "owner" in relation to a place means any person who is the administrative head or otherwise responsible for the working or maintenance of a hospital or place, by whatever name called, where the pregnancy may be terminated under this Act.

Explanation 2.-For the purposes of this section, so much of the provisions of clause [d] of section 2 as relate to the possession, by registered medical practitioner, of experience or training in gynaecology and obstetrics shall not apply.]

[10] Mrs. X vs. Union of India [W.P. 81 of 2017]

[11] Dr. Mangla Dogra & Others v. Anil Kumar Malhotra & Others [CR No. 6337/2011]

[12] Murugan Nayakkar vs. Union of India & Ors. W.P. [C] No. 749/2017

[13] Tapasya Umesh Pisal v Union of India, (2018) 12 SCC 57

[14] Section 3(2) (a) in The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971

b) where the length of the pregnancy exceeds twelve weeks but does not exceed twenty weeks, if not less than two registered medical practitioners are, of opinion, formed in good faith, that-

I. the continuance of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury to her physical or mental health; or

II. there is a substantial risk that if the child were born, it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped.

Explanation 1.-Where any pregnancy is alleged by the pregnant woman to have been caused by rape, the anguish caused by such pregnancy shall be presumed to constitute a grave injury to the mental health of the pregnant woman.

Explanation 2.-Where any pregnancy occurs as a result of failure of any device or method used by any married woman or her husband for the purpose of limiting the number of children, the anguish caused by such unwanted pregnancy may be presumed to constitute a grave injury to the mental health of the pregnant woman.

[15] Meera Santosh Pal v. Union of India, (2017) 3 SCC 462

[16] Minor R Thr Mother H v State of NCT of Delhi & Anr W.P.(CRL) 221/2023

[17] Pollitt, Katha. “Pro.” Reclaiming Abortion Rights, Picador, 2015.

[18] Pollitt, Katha. “Pro.” Reclaiming Abortion Rights, Picador, 2015.

[1] World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (n.d.). What is Intellectual Property? Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/

[2] World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2015). Intellectual Property and Economic Growth. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pub_450.pdf

[3] World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (n.d.). The Importance of Intellectual Property Rights. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/iprm/index.html

[4] Balew Mersha & Kashay Debesu, Theories of Intellectual Property (2012), https://www.abyssinialaw.com/online-resources/study-on-line/item/468-theories-of-intellectual-property.

[5] Peter S. Mennel, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: GENERAL THEORIES

[6] UKEssays. November 2018. The Theories Of Intellectual Property Philosophy Essay. [online]. Available from: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/the-theories-of-intellectual-property-philosophy-essay.php?vref=1

[7] Lionel Bently, Brad Shearman, Dev Gangjee & Philip Johnson, Intellectual Property Law (2008)

[9] Garima Gupta & Avih Rastogi, Intellectual Property Rights: Theory & Indian Practice (2002).

[10] Mikhalien du Bois, Justificatory Theories for Intellectual Property Viewed through the Constitutional Prism (2018), PER/PELJ

[11] Locke, J. (1690). Two Treatises of Government.

[12] Machlup, F., & Penrose, E. (1950). The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century. The Journal of Economic History, 10(1), 1-29.

[13] Hughes, J. (1988). The Philosophy of Intellectual Property. Georgetown Law Journal, 77(2), 287-366.

[14] Drahos, P. (2002). A Philosophy of Intellectual Property. Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited.

[15] Maskus, K. E. (2000). Intellectual property rights in the global economy. Institute for International Economics.

[16] Park, W. G., & Ginarte, J. C. (1997). Intellectual property rights and economic growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 15(3), 51-61.

[17] Landes, W. M., & Posner, R. A. (2003). The economic structure of intellectual property law. Harvard University Press.

[18] Arrow, K. J. (1962). Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In R. R. Nelson (Ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors (pp. 609-625). Princeton University Press.

[19] World Intellectual Property Organization. (2020). Intellectual Property and Access to Clean Energy Technologies in Developing Countries. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/development/en/wipo_unep_sep_20/wipo_unep_sep_20_inf_5.pdf

[20] World Intellectual Property Organization. (2013). Intellectual Property and Public Policy Issues. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/ip-outreach/en/ipday/2013/policy.html

[21] World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Exceptions and Limitations to Copyright and Related Rights. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/exceptions/index.html

[22] European Commission. (n.d.). Intellectual Property Rights. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/intellectual-property_en

[23] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2019). Intangible Cultural Heritage and Intellectual Property. Retrieved from https://ich.unesco.org/en/what-is-intangible-heritage-00003

[24] Deazley, R. (2019). Copyright and the Value of the Public Domain. In P. Torremans (Ed.), Research Handbook on Copyright Law: Volume II: Copyright in the Global Information Economy (pp. 377-401). Edward Elgar Publishing.

[25] Boyle, J. (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. Yale University Press.

[26] Lessig, L. (2004). Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. Penguin.

[27] Stiglitz, J. E. (2019). Intellectual Property Rights, the Pool of Knowledge, and Innovation. In Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Economic Challenges for Development (pp. 3-13). World Bank.

[28] Deazley, R. (2016). Copyright and the Value of the Digital. Bloomsbury Publishing.

[29] Drahos, P., & Braithwaite, J. (2002). Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?. Earthscan Publications.

[30] Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. (2002). Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy. Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights.

[31] World Trade Organization. (1994). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e.htm

[32] European Union Intellectual Property Office. (2020). Intellectual Property Enforcement in the European Union: Economic Analysis and Statistical Report. Retrieved from https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/reports/20

[33] Drahos, P., & Braithwaite, J. (2002). Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?. Earthscan.

[34] World Trade Organization. (2001). Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm

[35] WIPO. (2019). Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/tk/

[36] Drahos, P. (2012). The global governance of knowledge: Patent offices and their clients. Cambridge University Press.

[37] Outterson, K., Akhtar, A., & Chalkidou, K. (2020). Global health financing and governance. In Global Health Security (pp. 233-247). Springer.

[38] Guellec, D., & van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2004). From R&D to productivity growth: Do the institutional settings and the source of funds of R&D matter? Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 66(3), 353-378.

[39] Hall, B. H., & Harhoff, D. (2012). Recent research on the economics of patents. Annual Review of Economics, 4(1), 541-565.

[40] Deazley, R. (2010). Comment: Copyright's technological layering. In Copyright, contracts, creators (pp. 54-61). Hart Publishing.

[41] Rai, A. K., & Seng, D. (2012). Open source biotechnology: Promise and perils. Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology, 52(3), 355-383.

[42] May, C. (2014). A global political economy of intellectual property rights: The new enclosures? Routledge.

[43] Correa, C. M. (2007). Intellectual property enforcement: International perspectives. Oxford University Press.

[44] Reichman, J. H. (2001). The TRIPS agreement comes of age: Conflict or cooperation with the developing countries? The Journal of International Economic Law, 4(4), 747-776.

[45] Branstetter, L., Fisman, R., & Foley, C. F. (2006). Do stronger intellectual property rights increase international technology transfer? Empirical evidence from US firm-level panel data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(1), 321-349.

[1] Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports, 2010, para. 122.

[4] The declaration violated the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee between Republic of Cyprus, Grace, Turkey and United Kingdom

[5] Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (Montevideo Convention) 1933, art. 1.

[6] “STATE Definition and Meaning - Black’s Law Dictionary.” The Law Dictionary, 2013, thelawdictionary.org/state.

[7] “International Law - States in International Law.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/topic/international-law.

[8] “Giving Crimea to Ukraine Was Illegal, Russians Rule?: Commonwealth: Parliament’s Vote Brings Tensions Between the Two Powers Close to the Boiling Point.” Los Angeles Times, 1992, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-22-mn-278-story.html.

[9] “UNTC.” UNTC, 2014, treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002803e6fae&clang=_en.

[10] Saluschev, S. (2014). Annexation of Crimea: Causes, Analysis and Global Implications. Global Societies Journal, 2. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vb3n9tc

[11] “Russia Just Quit the G8 for Good.” The Independent, 2017, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/russia-g8-kremlin-crimea-ukraine-vladimir-putin-g7-g20-a7525836.html.

[12] Taylor, Adam. “‘Novorossiya,’ the Latest Historical Concept to Worry About in Ukraine.” Washington Post, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/04/18/understanding-novorossiya-the-latest-historical-concept-to-get-worried-about-in-ukraine.

[13] “Rebels Declare Victory in East Ukraine Vote on Self-rule.” CNBC, 2014, www.cnbc.com/2014/05/11/are-victory-in-east-ukraine-vote-on-self-rule.html.

[14] “United Nations Charter.” United Nations. Accessed 11 Feb. 2023.

[1] Kunal, Kaushik, “A Critical Study on Corporate Criminal Liability with Special Reference to India and USA”

[3] Dahal, Rajib, “Salomon v Salomon & Co. Ltd. [1897] AC 22 – its impact on modern laws on corporations – selected studies from the UK and the USA”

[5] Kumar, Abhimanyu, “Corporate Criminal Liability”

[6] [1893] 53 MINN.214., cited on Majumdar.A.K, & Dr. G.K.Kapoor, Company Law &

[7] Pareek, Shanin, “LIC v. Escorts and Beyond – Lifting the Corporate Veil”

[11] Kumar, Abhimanyu, “Corporate Criminal Liability”

[18] Amlan, Amtin, “Corporate Liability in India”

[20] Narayan, Kushboo, “Sahara red-flagged for fraud probe: Rs 86,000 crore from 4 crore depositors”.

[23] Sahara India Real Estate Corporation Limited & Ors. V. Securities and Exchange Board of India & Anr. (2012) CIVIL APPEAL NO. 9813 OF 2011

[24] Kaul, Vivek, “Sahara and Ponzi schemes: What are the parallels?”

[25] Sahara Asset Management Company P. Ltd. and Ors. v. Securities and Exchange Board of India (2017) Appeal No. 428 of 2015

[27] Union Of India v. Gitanjali Gems Ltd. And Ors. C.P. No. 277/241-242/NCLT/MB/MAH/2018

[1] https://vakilsearch.com/blog/what-are-the-different-types-of-copyright/

[2] Betsy Rosenblatt, Harvard Law School, Moral Rights Basics, https://cyber.harvard.edu/property/library/moralprimer.html,

[5] Mira T Sundara Rajan, 'Moral rights and the protection of cultural heritage: Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India ' (2001) 10(1) International Journal of Cultural Property 79.

[8] https://blog.ipleaders.in/theories-protection-intellectual-property-rights/

[10] ALWD 6th ed. Sundara Rajan, M. T., Moral rights and the protection of cultural heritage: Amar nathsehgal v. union of india , 10(1) IJCP 79 (2001)

[1] Sam Ricketson and Jane Ginsburg, “The Berne Convention: Historical and Institutional aspects”.

[3] Edward G. Hudon, “Literary Piracy, Charles Dickens and the American Copyright Law” (1964).

[5] William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner, “The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law” (Harvard University Press 2003).

[6] Bill D. Herman, “A Political History of DRM and Related Copyright Debates” (2012).

[1] OECD,” Competition policy and intellectual property rights”, (1989)

[2] Article 31 TRIPS- “Other use without authorization of the right holder”

[3] Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan Attorneys,” Interface between competition law and intellectual property laws- Indian perspective”9-10, Accessed at: https://www.lakshmisri.com/Media/Uploads/Documents/Interface%20between%20Competition%20Law%20and%20Intellectual%20Property%20Laws%20-%20INDIAN%20PERSPECTIVE.pdf

[4] Section 140 Patent Act,1970- “Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions”.

[6] Alan Prince, “Analysis of tie-in-agreements under competition law”, 4 International Journal of legal developments and allied issues 30-34 (September 2018)

[7] Kajal Dhiman, “Abuse of dominant position under competition act,2002”, Manupatra (20^th June 2022), Accessed at: https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/ABUSE-OF-DOMINANT-POSITION-UNDER-

[9] Section 19 of Competition act- “Inquiry into certain agreements and dominant position of enterprise”.

[11] Shaurya Shukla, “Patent Pooling vis-à-vis competition act: Antagonism of IPR and Competition regime”, IRALR (17^th May, 2021), Accessed at: PATENT POOLING VIS-A-VIS COMPETITION ACT, 2002: ANTAGONISM OF IPR AND COMPETITION REGIME. (iralr.in)

[12] Priyanka Rastogi, “India: Patent Pool”, Mondaq (7^th July 2014), Accessed at: https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/325602/patent-pool

[14] Prashant Kumar, “India: Technology transfer agreement: Intellectual property rights and Competition law”, Mondaq (20^th March 2015), Accessed at: https://www.mondaq.com/india/contracts-and-commercial-law/382680/technology-transfer-agreement-intellectual-property-rights-and-competition-law

[15] K.D. Raju, “The inevitable connection between IPR and Competition law: Emerging jurisprudence and lessons for India”, 18 Journal of Intellectual Property Rights (March 2013).

[16] Ishan Sambhar, “India: concept of standard essential patent”, Mondaq (30^th June 2020), Accessed at: https://www.mondq.com/india/patent/954588/concept-of-standard-essential-patent

[17] Ashish Bharadwaj and Vishwas H. Devaiah, “Multi-dimensional approaches towards new technology: Insights of innovation, patent and competition”, 1-18(Springer, 2018)

[18] Ashish Bharadwaj and Vishwas H. Devaiah, “Multi-dimensional approaches towards new technology: Insights of innovation, patent and competition”, 15(Springer, 2018)

[19] Section 4 of Competition Act- “Abuse of dominant position”.

[20] Case no 01 0f 2009, decided on 25th May 2011

[23] Case no 36 0f 2010, decided on 22^nd July 2011

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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