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PLEA BARGAINING: AN ANALYSIS OF ITS FUNCTION, IMPACT, AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS. BY: - SAKSHI MISHRA

Authors: SAKSHI MISHRA 
Registration ID: 101971 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1971
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: sakshimishra527@gmail.com
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LEGAL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL TESTING UNDER CLINICAL TRIALS BY - AISHWARYA PRABHU

Authors: AISHWARYA PRABHU
Registration ID: 101970 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1970
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 
2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: aishwaryaprabhu14@gmail.com
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DWARKINS THEORY OF MORAL INTEGRITY OF LAW BY - PARASA TANMAYEE

Authors: PARASA TANMAYEE
Registration ID: 101969 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1969
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: tanmayee.parasa@dsnlu.ac.in
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RULE OF LAW: A DETAILED ANALYSIS BY - HIMANSHU

Authors: HIMANSHU
Registration ID: 101968 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1968
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: HIMANSHU.SHARMA9519@GMAIL.COM
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PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE BY - DR. NAMRATA GUPTA

Authors: DR. NAMRATA GUPTA
Registration ID: 101967 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1967
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: namrata.allu@gmail.com
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RESEARCH ON INDIAN PRISON PROBLEM: A LEGAL ANALYSIS BY – TEKCHAND

Authors: TEKCHAND
Registration ID: 101966 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1966
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 
2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: tekchand912@gmail.com
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CHALLENGES FOR ARBITRATION INDIA BY - POORVA CHAWLA

Authors: POORVA CHAWLA
Registration ID: 101965 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1965
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: ankit.sh0990@gmail.com
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ABETMENT BY INSTIGATION, CONSPIRACY, AND AIDING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - JATIN VERMA & SADHANA

Authors: JATIN VERMA & SADHANA
Registration ID: 101963 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1963 & IJLRA1964
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: vermajatin803@gmail.com & shalukumari66161@gmail.com
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ELECTORAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN INDIAN DEMOCRACY BY - GURLEEN KAUR

Authors: GURLEEN KAUR 
Registration ID: 101962 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1962
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
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2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: gurleenkaur.law@gmail.com
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PLEA BARGAINING– A CATALYST OR CATASTROPHE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM? BY - HRISHI KAPADIA

Authors: HRISHI KAPADIA
Registration ID: 101961 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1961
Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 
2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India 
Email Id: hrishi.r.kapadia@gmail.com
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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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Citation


[1] Introduction to Clinical Trials – What are they? What Happens? Who is Involved? https://genesisresearchservices.com/introduction-to-clinical-trials-what-are-they-what-happens-who-is-involved/, last seen on 02/12/2022.
[2] About Animal testing, Humane Society International, https://www.hsi.org/news-media/about/.
[3] Pikee Saxena and Rohit Saxena, Clinical trials: Changing Regulations in India, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215498/, last seen on 02/12/2022.
[4] S. Bhambri & Associates, https://www.sbhambriadvocates.com/post/a-critical-study-on-clinical-trials-and-rights-of-animals, last seen 02/12/2022.
[5] Safety Testing, Science, Medicine, and Animals, National Academic Press, Washington, DC, https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10733/chapter/10.
[6]By Beonchip, Animal-free testig, History of animal experimentation and animal rights, Jun 8, 2021, https://beonchip.com/animal-rights-history, last seen on 03/12/2022.
[7] Experimentation of cosmetics and household products, Animals Ethics, https://www.animal-ethics.org/experimentation-cosmetics-household-products/, last seen on 03/12/2022.
[8] Draft Prevention of Cruelty to Animal (Amendment) Bill-2022, 24 Nov 2022, https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-prevention-of-cruelty-to-animal-amendment-bill 2022#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Government%20has%20introduced,Fisheries%2C%20Animal%20Husbandry%20and%20Dairying. last seen on 03/12/2022.
[9] Draft for amendment to Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act ready, public comments sought: 3-year jail for gruesome cruelty, 5 for killing, Updated on November 24, 2022, The Free Press Journal, https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/draft-for-amendment-to-prevention-of-cruelty-to-animal-act-ready-public-comments-sought-3-year-jail-for-gruesome-cruelty-5-for-killing , last seen on 03/12/2022.
[10]Animals are not ours, Peta, https://www.peta.org/about-peta/learn-about-peta/, last seen on 03/12/2022.
[11] Cosmetics Testing Ban on Animals Now Permanent, May 24,2014, Peta, https://www.petaindia.com/blog/cosmetics-testing-banned-on-animals/.
[12] Regarding CPCSEA Guidelines, Chapter on Animal Welfare, https://www.pci.nic.in/pdf/15.pdf.
[13]Ambika Hiranandani,  Animal rights: Legislation is not enough, September 3, 2019, idr, https://idronline.org/animal-rights-legislation-is-not-enough/.
[14] History of Animal Testing in new PETA Exhibit, ‘Without Consent’, PETA, https://withoutconsent.peta.org/, last seen on 03/12/2022.
[15] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/159107874/.
[16] Kakoli8 Nath, Landmark Cases and Laws, Finology Blog, https://blog.finology.in/Legal-news/animal-rights-india, last seen on 03/12/2022.
[17] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/39696860/
[18] Jis John Sebastian, Protection of Animals: Important Laws in India, last updated on September 24, 2022, ClearIAS, https://www.clearias.com/protection-of-animals/.
[19] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/295123/.

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[1] Jonathan Crowe, Dworkin on the value of integrity, 96 31 (2004).
[2] Id.
[3] Albert Calsamiglia, Dworkin and the Focus on Integrity, 80 Arch. Philos. Law Soc. Philos. 52 (1994).
[4] Crowe, supra note 1.
[5] John Elkington, Integrity and universality?:A comment on Ronald Dworkin’s Freedom Laws, 65 Fordham Law Rev. (1997).
[6] Andrei Marmor, Integrity in Law’s empire, 422 (2019).
[7] Raymond Wacks, Dworkin and moral integrity of law , in Understanding jurisprudence An introduction to legal theory  118 (3 ed. 2012).
[8] Id.
[9] Id.
[10] John D. Inazu, The limits of integrity, 75 law Contemp. 181 (2012).
[11] Raymond Wacks, supra note 7.

Citation

[1] 5 US (1 Cranch) 137 (1803)
[2] (1973) 4 SCC 225
[3] 1975 AIR 865
[4] 1961 AIR 221
[5] AIR 1980 SC 89 
[6] 61990 AIR 11 
[7] 1976 AIR 1207
[8] AIR 1983 SC 339
[9] 1989 AIR 1933
[10] 1969 AIR 33
[11] 1967 AIR 1427
[12] AIR 1994 SC 268
[13] AIR 2006 SC 18 

Citation

[1] David Takacs, ‘THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE, ENVIRONMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND THE FUTURE OF PRIVATE PROPERTY’ [2008].
[2] Mark Dowie, In Law We Trust [2005].
[3] Arnold v. Mundy  [1821], 6 N.J.L. 1.
[4] Illinois Central Railroad vs. Illinois [1892], 146 US 387.
[5] Joseph L. Sax, ‘The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention’ [1970].
[6]  M.S. Vani, Community Engagement in Water Governance in Water And The Laws In India,
167, 188 (2009).
[7] Id.,209.
[8]  T.N. Narasimhan, Water Law for India: Science and Philosophy Perspectives in Water And
The Laws In India 535, 555 (1st ed., 2009).
[9] Kamala Sankaran, Water in India: Constitutional Perspectives in Water And The Laws In
India, 17, 24.
[10] Id., 24
[11] David Takacs, The Public Trust Doctrine, Environmental Human Rights and the Future of Private Property,717 New York University Environmental Law Journal(2008)
[12] Joseph L. Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention,68 Michigan Law Rev. 477 (1970).
[13] Indian Constitution 1950, Article 48A.
[14] Rural Litig. & Entitlement Kendra vs. State of Uttar Pradesh, A.I.R. 1985 S.C. 652, 656.
[15] Attakoya Thangal vs Union of India, A.I.R. 1990 K.L.T. 580.
[16] M.C Mehta vs Kamalnath [1997], 1 S.C.C. 388.
 
[17] 18 M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, (1997) 1 SCC 388.
 19 Id.
 20 Id.
 21 Id
[18] M.I. Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Radhey Shyam Sahu [1999], S.C.C. 464.
[19] Shailesh R. Shah v. State of Gujarat, 2002 SCC OnLine Guj 164 : (2002) 43 (3) GLR 2295.
[20] 22 M.I. Builders (P) Ltd. v. Radhey Shyam Sahu, (1999) 6 SCC 464.
 23 Fomento Resorts & Hotels Ltd. v. Minguel Martins, (2009) 3 SCC 571.
 24 Id.,32.
25 Reliance Natural Resources Ltd. v. Reliance Industries Ltd., (2010) 7 SCC 1. 26 The Constitution of India, Art. 297 (‘Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union’. In the given case Art. 297 (1) was interpreted which states that. “(1) All lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial waters, or the continental shelf, or the exclusive economic zone, of India shall vest in the Union and be held for the purposes of the Union.” Here ‘vest in the Union’ was interpreted to mean that the Central Government held the natural resources as a trustee on behalf of the people at large and the right and responsibilities of such trusteeship could not be abdicated in favour of private corporate interests)
 
[21] 27 Shailesh R. Shah v. State of Gujarat, 2002 SCC OnLine Guj 164 : (2002) 43 (3) GLR 2295.
28 B.M.Gandhi, Equity, Trusts And Specific Relief13, 208-209 (2001).
29 Ramaswamy R. Iyer, Why a National Water Framework Law, The Hindu (Chennai) January 7, 2013.
30 Id. 31 Planning Commission, The Draft National Water Framework Act, available at http://www. planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/wr/wg_wtr_frame.pdf (Last visited on August 15, 2015). 32 Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, Report of the Committee for the Drafting of National Water Framework Law, 2013, available at http://www.indiaenvironmentportal. org.in/files/file/national%20water%20framework%20law.pdf (Last visited on August 15, 2015). 33 The Constitution of India, Schedule VII, List II, Entry 17. 34 The Constitution of India, Schedule VII, List I, Entry 5. 35 The Constitution of India, Art. 252(1) (‘Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State’ states that ‘(1) I it appears to the Legislatures of two or more States to be desirable that any of the matters with respect to which Parliament has no power to make laws or the States except as provided in Articles 249 and 250 should be regulated in such States by Parliament by law, and if resolutions to that effect are passed by all the House of the Legislatures of those States, it shall be lawful for Parliament to pass an Act for regulating that matter accordingly, and any Act so passed shall apply to such States and to any other State by which it is adopted afterwards by resolution passed in that behalf by the House or, where there are two Houses by each of the Houses o the Legislature of that State). 36 The Alagh Bill, 2016, §1(2); The Iyer Bill, 2013, Part 2.
[22] David Takacs, The Public Trust Doctrine, Environmental Human Rights and the Future of
Private Property,717 New York University Environmental Law Journal(2008)
39 The Iyer Bill, 2013, Part 2 (“Common property resource” means a resource owned in common by a village or group or community, as distinguished from private ownership or ownership by the state). 40 The Alagh Bill, 2016, §2(xxiv); The Iyer Bill, 2013, Part 2
The Iyer Bill, 2013, Part 5

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[3] Paranjape, N. V. (2017). Criminology,Penology,Victimology. Allahabad: Central Law Publications.
[4] DR. KURT NEUDEK, THE UNITED NATIONS IN IMPRISONMENT TODAY AND TOMORROW- INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON PRISONERS? RIGHTS AND PRISON CONDITIONS EDS., DIRK VAN ZYL SMIT AND FRIEDER DUNKEL; Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Deventer, Netherlands, (1st ed. 1991)
[5] Charles Shobraj vs. Superintendent, Tihar Jail, A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 1514.
[6] Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, A.I.R 1980 S.C. 1579.
[7] INDIAN Constitution Article 14
[8] INDIAN Constitution Article 19
[9] INDIAN Constitution Article 20(1)
[10] INDIAN Constitution Article 20(2)
[11] INDIAN Constitution Article 20(3)
[12] INDIAN Constitution Article 21
[13] A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 579
[14] A.K. Gopalan vs U.O.I., A.I.R. 1950 S.C. 27
[15] Sheela Barse vs State of Maharashtra, AIR 1983 SC 378.
[16] Sheela Barse vs State of Maharashtra, AIR 1983 SC 378.
[17] Dr.Mukesh Garg & Narshelata Singla, Rights of Women In Prisoners: An Evaluation, 1 IJARMSS 134, 142(2012).
[18] Bhusan, V. (1970). Prison Administration in India. Delhi : S Chand.
[19] The Mulla Committee submitted its report in1983
[20] In 1987, the Government of India appointed the Justice Krishna Iyer.
[21] M.H. Wadanrao Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra (1979) 1 S.C.R. 192.
[22] R. Rajagopal alias R.R. Gopal and Another v. State of Tamil Nadu and Others, (1994) 6 S.C.C. 632.
[23] DHARMBIR VS. STATE OF U.P., (1979) 3 S.C.C. 645.  .
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[25] MAHAMMAD GIASUDDIN V. STATE OF A.P., (1978) 1 S.C.R. 153.
[26] PEOPLE'S UNION FOR DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS V. UNION OF INDIA, (1982) 3 S.C.C. 235.

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[1] Rangasami Gounder v. State of Madras (1950) 51 Cri LJ 1052
[2] Mohan Singh v. State of Punjab (1967) 1 SCR 1028
[3] State of Andhra Pradesh v. P.N. Raju (1994) 4 SCC 388[3]:

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[1] 3rd Year Student at MIT WPU School of Law, Pune
[2] “Jon'a F. Meyer "plea bargaining", (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 5 June 2022), https://www.britannica.com/topic/plea-bargaining,  accessed 18 April 2023.”
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[6] Id
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[22] “The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, § 2(k)”
[23] Id
[24] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265B(1)”
[25] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265B(2)”
[26] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265B(3)”
[27] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265B(4)”
[28] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265B(4)(a)”
[29] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265B(4)(b)”
[30] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265C(a)”
[31] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265C(b)”
[32] Id
[33] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265D”
[34] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265E(a)”
[35] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 360(1)”
[36] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265E(b)”
[37] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265E(c)”
[38] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265E(d)”
[39] “142nd Law Commission Report, 1991, Chapter XI, https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/report_twelfth/, accessed 18 April 2023”
[40] “The Constitution of India, Article 226”
[41] “The Constitution of India, Article 132”
[42] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265G”
[43] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265H”
[44] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265-I”
[45] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 428”
[46] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 265K”
[47] Supra Note 12
[48] “Carrie Johnson, ‘The vast majority of criminal cases end in plea bargains, a new report finds’, (National Public Radio (NPR), 22 February 2023), https://www.npr.org/2023/02/22/1158356619/plea-bargains-criminal-cases-justice#:~:text=In%20any%20given%20year%2C%2098,from%20the%20American%20Bar%20Association., accessed 19 April 2023”
[49] “Murat C. Mungan and Jonathan Klick, ‘Reducing False Guilty Pleas and Wrongful Convictions through Exoneree Compensation’, (University of Chicago – Journal of Law & Economics, Volume 59 Issue 1, February 2016) accessed 19 April 2023”
[50] Supra Note 13
[51] Supra Note 14
[52] “SCC Online, ‘Triple method of plea bargaining, compounding of offences and the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958: Supreme Courts’ suggestions on disposal of criminal cases’, (SCC Online, 31 October 2022),
https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/10/31/supreme-court-under-trial-prisoners-suggestions-plea-bargaining-probation-of-offenders-act-compoundable-offences-bail-dlsa-under-trial-review-committees-legal-resea/, accessed 19 April 2023.”

Citation 2

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IJLRA N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)
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