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[2] Hemanth Singh, What is the collegium system and how it works, available at https://www.jagranjosh.com/general- knowledge/what-is-the-collegium-system-and-how-it-works-1525257473-1.

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[1] Ajit Mohan & Ors. v Legislative Assembly, NCT of Delhi AIR 2021 SC 3346.

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[4] Sneha Kalita vs. Union Of India and Anr. MANU/SCOR/46460/2017

[5] Preamble of The Information Technology Act, 2000.

[6] Rules 7 of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules,

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[7] Transport & Dock Workers Union v. Mumbai Port Trust, (2011) 2 SCC 575.

[8] Khandig Sham Bhat v. Agrl. ITO, AIR 1963 SC 591.

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[27] The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.

[28] The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989.

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[1] Bruce Lehman, the Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System (International Intellectual Property Institute, 2003), 2–14.

[2] Basma Ibrahim, Implications of WTO?TRIPS Agreement from a National Innovation Systems Perspective (The School of Public Policy and Administration, 2003).

[3] Thomas Cottier, The Doha Waiver and its Effects on the Nature of the TRIPS System and on Competition Law: The Impact of Human Rights, Swiss National Centre of competence in Research. Working Paper no. 2006.

[4] Talat Chaudhay and Arshi Chaudhary Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi India

& Department of Pharmacology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi India, J World Intellect Prop. 2021 Nov; 24(5-6): 447–454.

[5] Prabhas Ranjan, the Case for Waiving Intellectual Property Protection for Covid?19 Vaccines (Observer Research Foundation, 2021).

[6] Ronald Lobante and Mira Johri, COVID?19 Drug and Vaccine Patents Are Putting Profit Before People (2020).

[7] Jessica L Greenbaum, 'Trips and Public Health: Solutions for Ensuring Global Access to Essential AIDS Medication in the Wake of Paragraph 6 Wake of paragraph 6 Waiver' (2008) 25 JCHLP 142.

[8] Donald Harris, 'TRIPS After Fifteen Years: Success or Failure, as Measured by Compulsory Licensing' (2011) 18 JIPL. 369.

[9] Haochen Sun, 'The Road to Doha & Beyond: Some Reflection on TRIPS Agreement and access to Public Health' (2004) 15 EJIL 123.

[10] Benjamin Coriat, Fabienne Orsi and Cristina d'Almeida, 'TRIPS and the International Public Health Controversies: Issues and Challenges' (2006) 15 ICC 1033.

[13] Weinian Hu, Compulsory Licensing and Access to Future COVID 19 Vaccines, CEPS Research Report no. 2020 (2020).

[14] Benjamin Coriat, Fabienne Orsi and Cristina d'Almeida, 'TRIPS and the International Public Health Controversies: Issues and Challenges' (2006) 15 ICC 1033.

[15] Frederick M Abbott, 'The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health' (2002) 5 JIEL 469.

[17] Kenneth C Shadlen, Patents and Pills, Power and Procedure: The North?South Politics of Public Health in the WTO, Studies in Comparative International Development (Vol. 39, 2002).

[18] Emmanuel Kolawole Oke, THE WAIVER OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT FOR COVID-19 AT THE WTO: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS, Lecturer in International Intellectual Property Law, Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh.

[19] Bradly Condon and Tapen Sinha, 'Global Diseases, Global Patents and Differential Treatment in WTO Law: Criteria for Suspending Patent Obligations in Developing Countries' (2006) 26 NJILB 1.

[20] Alan O Sykes, TRIPs, Pharmaceuticals, Developing Countries, and the Doha "Solution", John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 140 (2002).

[21] Kenneth C Shadlen, 'Patents and Pills, Power and Procedure: The North?South Politi of Public Health in the WTO' (2004) 39 SCID 76.

[22] Salla Sariola, 'Intellectual Property Rights Need to be Subverted to Ensure Global Vaccine Access' BMJ GHJ .

[23] Sushil Vachani and N. Craig Smith, Lessons from Pricing of AIDS Drugs in Developing Countries. Working Paper No. 03?703b. London Business School (2004).

[24] Human Rights Watch, Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver (2021).

[25] Richard Wilder and Eric M Solovy, The Development of Medicines for Developing Country Diseases: The Role of Intellectual Property. WIPO (2004).

[26] Medicines Sans Fronteires (MSF), Access Campaign. WTO COVID?19 TRIPS Waiver Proposal (2021).

[27] Ashok Dhingra, Waiver Under TRIPS Agreement Needed More Urgently Now (2021).

[29] Guy Martin, TRIPS Waiver: Is the US Backing a Cause For Concern For Pharma? The Pharmaletter (2021).

[30] Art Gonzales, The TRIPS waiver on Covid?19 Pharmaceuticals and the Big Pharma (2021).

[31] Catherine Saez, Main Recommendations of UN High?Level Panel on Access to Medicines Presented at WTO (2017).

[32] Alan O Sykes, TRIPs, Pharmaceuticals, Developing Countries, and the Doha "Solution", John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 140 (2002).

[33] Correa (n 13) 3; Yousuf Vawda, ‘The TRIPS COVID-19 Waiver, Challenges for Africa and Decolonizing Intellectual Property’ (South Centre, Policy Brief No 99, 2021).

[34] Thambisetty, McMahon, McDonagh, Kang and Dutfield (n 13) 399.

[35] Frederick Abbott, The TRIPS Agreement Article 73 Security Exceptions and the COVID-19 Pandemic (South Centre, Research Paper No 116, 2020) 21; Carlos Correa, ‘COVID-19 Pandemic: Access to Prevention and Treatment Is a Matter of National and International Security’ (South Centre, 4 April 2020).

[36]. Peter K Yu, ‘Modalities, Challenges, and Possibilities: An Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Innovation Symposium’ (2021) 7 Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 1, 11.

[37] D Ravi Kanth, ‘WTO: US Storms Out from Discussions on WTO Response to Pandemic’ (TWN Info Service on WTO and Trade Issues, 8 June (2022).

[38]World Intellectual Property Organization, COVID-19-Related Vaccines and Therapeutics: Preliminary Insights on Related Patenting Activity During the Pandemic (Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization 2022.

[39] Peter K Yu, ‘Deferring Intellectual Property Rights in Pandemic Times’ (2023) 74 Hastings Law Journal.

[40] Jean-Frédéric Morin and E Richard Gold, ‘Consensus-seeking, Distrust and Rhetorical Entrapment: The WTO Decision on Access to Medicines,’ (2010) 16(4) European Journal of International Relations 563, 566.

[41] Communication from India and South Africa, ‘Waiver from Certain Provisions of the Trips Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of Covid-19’ (2 October 2020) IP/C/W/669 accessed 21 May 2021.

[42] Minutes of the Meeting: Held in the Centre William Rappard from 2 to 5 April 2001, WTO Doc IP/C/M/30 (1 June 2001) (paras 229–52) (Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

[43] D Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis (London, Sweet and Maxwell 2003) pp 32–43.

[46] Ministerial Declaration, WTO Doc WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (20 November 2001) (Para 17) (Ministerial Conference, Fourth Session, Doha, 9–14 December 2001).

[47] Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: TRIPS WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2, “Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (Adopted 14 November 2001)” (WTO, 20 November 2001).

[48] WTO: 2017 News Item, “WTO IP Rules Amended to Ease Poor Countries’ Access to Affordable Medicines” (WTO, 23 January 2017) <https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/trip_23jan17_e.htm> (last accessed 16 July 2021).

[49] W New, “It’s Official: TRIPS Health Amendment In Effect, First Ever to a WTO Agreement” (Intellectual Property Watch, 23 January 2017) <https://www.ip-watch.org/2017/01/23/official-trips-health-amendment-effect-first-ever-wto-agreement/> (last accessed 12 July 2021).

[50] Communication from India and South Africa (n 8).

[53] USTR, “Statement from Ambassador Katherine Tai on the COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver,” press release, May 5, 2021.

[54] European Commission, “EU Proposes a Strong Multilateral Trade Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic,” press release, June 4, 2021.

[55] WTO, DG, “Director-General Okonjo-Iweala Hails Breakthrough on TRIPS COVID-19 Solution,” press release, March 16, 2022.

[56] WTO, “Members Updated on High-Level Talks Aimed at Finding Convergence on IP COVID-19 Response,” press release, March 10, 2022.

[57] WTO, TRIPS Council, “Communication from the Chairperson,” IP/C/W/688, May 3, 2022.

[58] WTO, General Council, “Members Welcome Quad Document as Basis for Text-Based Negotiations on Pandemic IP Response,” May 10, 2022.

[59] WTO, “Ministerial Decision on the TRIPS Agreement” (adopted on June 17, 2022), WT/MIN(22)/30, WT/L/1141, June 22, 2022.

[61] WTO, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Article IX.

[62] Compulsory licensing v the IP waiver: what is the best way to end the COVID-19 pandemic? the South Centre policy brief by Olga Gurgula

[63] Compulsory licensing v the IP waiver: what is the best way to end the COVID-19 pandemic? the South Centre policy brief by Olga Gurgula

[64] See, e.g., Carlos M. Correa, Nirmalya Syam and Daniel Uribe, ‘Implementation of a TRIPS Waiver for Health Technologies and Products for COVID-19: Preventing Claims Under Free Trade and Investment Agreements’ (September 2021) the South Centre Research Paper 135. Available _Implementation-of-a-TRIPS-Waiver-for-Health-Technologies-and-Products-forCOVID-19_EN.pdf.

[1] Will Kelton, Bid Rigging, INVESTOPEDIA (October 14, 2021), Bid Rigging Definition (investopedia.com)

[2] ‘CCI issues order against firms guilty of bid-rigging and cartelization’ Business Standard

/www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cci-issues-order-against-firms-guilty-of-bid- rigging-and-cartelization-121110100395_1.html>.

[4] The Competition Act, 2002, No. 13, Acts of Parliament, 2002 (India)

[5] Estate R, ‘FCI tender: CCI issues cease and desist order against firms found guilty of bid rigging and cartelisation’ BUSINESSLINE /www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/fci-tender-cci-issues-cease-and- desist-order-against-firms-found-guilty-of-bid-rigging-and-cartelisation/article37279244.ece>.

[8] In Re: Food Corporation of India, Ref. Case No. 07 of 2018.

[12] ‘CCI issues cease and desist order against six firms guilty of bid rigging and cartelization in FCI tender’ Indiainfoline /www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/cci-issues-cease-and-desist-order-against- six-firms-guilty-of-bid-rigging-and-cartelization-in-fci-tender-121110200296_1.html>.

[13] The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, C 326/49 (1957).

[15] iPleaders. 2021. Bid rigging in public procurement sector : a comparative analysis of India and EU - iPleaders. [online] Available at: analysis-of-india-and-eu/> [Accessed 18 November 2021].

[1] See Holiday Inns S.A. and others v. Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/72/1, Decision on Jurisdiction (May 12, 1974); P. Lalive, The First ‘World Bank’ Arbitration – Some Legal Problems, 51 BRITISH YEARBOOK INT’L. L. 123, 130 (1980)

[2] See ICSID, THE ICSID CASELOAD- STATISTICS (ISSUE 2017-1) 9 (2017)

[3] Gus Van Harten, supra note 10; Uma Kollamparambil, supra note 12

[4] M. H. Mourra, The Conflicts and Controversies in Latin American Treaty-Based Disputes, in LATIN AMERICAN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION 60

[5] Fiezzoni, supra note 11, 137 (As of November 14, 2017, Nicaragua is a contracting State of the ICSID Convention.)

[6] Leon E. Trakman, The ICSID Under Siege, 45 CORNELL INT'L L.J. 603, 666 (2013) [hereinafter “Trakman”]; Sergey Ripinsky, Venezuela’s Withdrawal From ICSID: What it Does and Does Not Achieve (Apr. 13, 2012),

[7] Fernando Aguirre, Bolivia in LATIN AMERICAN INVESTMENT PROTECTION 65 (Jonathan C. Hamilton eds., 2012).

[8] See Corporate Europe Observatory & the Transnational Institute, PROFITING FROM INJUSTICE HOW LAW FIRMS, ARBITRATORS AND FINANCIERS ARE FUELLING AN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION BOOM (Nov. 2012)

[9] 6 Babiy, Larisa et. al., Should Mexico Join the ICSID? THE GRADUATE INSTITUTE, GENEVA, CENTRE FOR TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 6 (2012).

[10] ICSID, Rules of procedure for Arbitration proceedings, rule 37 in ICSID CONVAENTION, REGULATIONS AND RULES

[1] THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (The Open University 2019).

[2] HIGGINS A. PEARCE, OXFORD, THE CLARENDON PRESS (8th ed. 1924).

[3] Natalia Ochoa-Ruiz* and Esther Salamanca-Aguado, Exploring the Limits of International Law relating to the Use of Force in Self-defence, 16 EJIL 1, (2005), http://ejil.org/pdfs/16/3/306.pdf.

[4] JOACHIM VON ELBE, THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE JUST WAR IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Routledge 2012).

[5] Sebastian Heselhaus, International Law and the Use of Force , ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (APRIL 13, 2023, 9:29 PM), https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/E1-36-01-02.pdf.

[7] Yale Law School LILLIAN GOLDMAN LAW LIBRARY, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp (last visited April 14, 2023).

[8] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 2(3), STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[9] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 2(4), STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[11] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, art. 39 § 51, STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[12] Ananya, Use of Force in International Law, LEGAL SERVICE INDIA E-JOURNAL (April 14, 2023, 7:25 PM), https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1742-use-of-force-in-international-law.html.

[13] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 51, STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[14] Terry D. Gill, REMARKS ON THE LAW RELATING TO THE USE OF FORCE IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT, Lieber Institute Westpoint -Articles of War (Mar. 9, 2022), https://lieber.westpoint.edu/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict/.

[15] 10 facts you should know about Russian military aggression against Ukraine, Ministry of Foregin Affairs of Ukraine (Dec. 19, 2019, 05:40 PM), https://mfa.gov.ua/en/10-facts-you-should-know-about-russian-military-aggression-against-ukraine.

[16] 24 Srinivas Burra, Asian Yearbook of International Law 106-127 (Brill 2020).

[1] LLM, 2nd year, ?Tamilnadu Dr. Ambedkar University, Perungudi, e-mail: haripriya.asha98@gmail.com

[2] Dreze, Jean and Goyal, Aparajita (2003): Future of Mid-Day Meals. Published in: Economic and Political Weekly , Vol. 38, No. 44 (2003): pp. 4673-4683.

9 Jithendra, V.K. (2013). Midday meal scheme: A study on its implementation and effectiveness in government primary

schools of Kanpur district. International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, 1(7), 25-31

[3] Motkuri, V. (2009). Reaching out of noon meal scheme in India. Indian Journal of Social Work, 70(3),437-448

[4] Motkuri, V. (2009). Reaching out of noon meal scheme in India. Indian Journal of Social Work, 70(3),437-448

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[14] Terry D. Gill, REMARKS ON THE LAW RELATING TO THE USE OF FORCE IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT, Lieber Institute Westpoint -Articles of War (Mar. 9, 2022), https://lieber.westpoint.edu/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict/.

[17] E. F. M. Durbin, John Bowlby, Ivor Thomas, D. P. T. Jay, R. B. Fraser, R. H. S. Crossman, George Catlin, War and Democracy (Routledge 2021).

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