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^{^[2]} Ragini Kulkarni, Ethical Dilemmas in Surrogacy, Hektoen International (2017).

^{^[3]} Bhimji, S., Womb for Rent: Ethical Aspects of Surrogate Motherhood, CMAJ, Vol. 137 (1987).

^{^[4]} Pikee Saxena, Archana Mishra and Sonia Malik, Surrogacy: Ethical and Legal Issues, Indian Journal of Community Medicine (2012), Issue 37(4), pp. 211-213.

^{^[5]} Black‘s Law Dictionary, Bryan A. Garner, 8th Edn. 2004, p. 4529.

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^{^[4]} Zhang, Y., Chowdhury, P., Tornatore, M., & Mukherjee, B. (2010). Energy efficiency in telecom optical networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 12(4), 441-458.

^{^[5]}http://hbv-awareness.com/india-and-pakistan-account-for-2000-honour-killings-every-year/#:~:text=Honour%20killing%20is%20the%20murder,Based%20Violence%20Awareness%20(HBVA).

^{^[6]}https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/aayushi-chaudhary-honour-killing-case-highlights-the-horrors-of-castiest-patriarchy-article-214593

^{^[7]}https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/145-incidents-of-honour-killing-between-2017-and-2019-1839321-2021-08-10

^{^[8]} Sharma I. Violence against women: Where are the solutions? Indian J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr-Jun;57(2):131-9. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.158133. PMID: 26124518; PMCID: PMC4462781.

^{^[9]}https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/07/27/law-on-domestic-violence-protection-of-women-from-domestic-violence-act-2005/

^{^[10]} https://thewire.in/caste/caste-honour-killings-cases-laws

^{^[11]} https://clpr.org.in/blog/the-need-for-a-law-on-honour-crimes/

^{^[12]} https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1206331215623216

^{^[13]}https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/self-respect-movement-india-s-first-fight-for-dignity-in-1925

^{^[14]} https://cequinindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Honour-killings-by-Prem-Choudhury.pdf

^{^[15]} https://clpr.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Draft-Honour-Crimes-Bill-31.5.2022-Final.pdf

^{^[16]} https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09584935.2017.1360246

[1] Jaynes, T.L. Legal personhood for artificial intelligence: citizenship as the exception to the rule. AI & Soc 35, 343– 354 (2020).

[2] Claudio Novelli, Giorgio Bongiovanni & Giovanni Sartor, A conceptual framework for legal personality and its application to AI, An International Journal of Legal and Political Thought Volume 13, 2022 - Issue 2, Pages 194-219 (2021).

[3] S. K. Stepanov, Deconstruction of the legal personhood of artificial intelligence, DOAJ Vol. 2, no. 2 pp. 14 – 30 (2021).

[4] Chitwandeep Kaur & Shivam Nayyar, Interaction of Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence, Upscale Legal (September 14, 2022), https://upscalelegal.com/interaction-of-intellectual-property-and-artificial-intelligence/.

[5] Peter Archer, AI inventors: can AI own intellectual property rights?, Raconteur (December 10, 2021), https://www.raconteur.net/technology/ai-intellectual-property-rights/.

[8] On correlatives see Wesley N Hohfeld, ‘Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning’ [1913] Yale Law Journal 16.

[9] A similar point has been raised by Tomasz Pietrzykowski, who recognises an intermediate category of legal entities which he calls nonpersonal subjects of law, in Tomasz Pietrzykowski, ‘The Idea of Non-personal Subjects of Law’ in Visa A. J. Kurki and Tomasz Pietrzykowski (eds), Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn (Springer International Publishing 2017).

[12] Aldo Alvarez-Risco, Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentale, A Note on Changing Regulation in International Business: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Artificial Intelligence, The Multiple Dimensions of Institutional Complexity in International Business Research, 4 March 2021.

[14] Ryan N. Phelan, Artificial Intelligence & the Intellectual Property Landscape, Marshall Gerstein & Borun LLP, published by Lexology; (September 14, 2019), https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=8c2b5986-95bb- 4e8e-9057-e4481bfaa471 .

[16] Stefano Zaccaria, AI-written articles are copyright-protected, rules Chinese court, World Intellectual Property Review (WIPR); (January 10, 2020) https://www.worldipreview.com/news/ai-written-articles-are-copyright- protected-rules-chinese-court-19102).

[17] EPO refuses DABUS patent applications designating a machine inventor, European Patent Office; (December 20, 2019), https://www.epo.org/news-issues/news/2019/20191220.html.

[18] Laura Butler, World first patent applications filed for inventions generated solely by artificial intelligence, University of Surrey; (August 1, 2019), https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/world-first-patent-applications-filed- inventions-generated-solely-artificial-intelligence.

[19] Rohan Seth, Contemporary and Upcoming Issues In the Field of Intellectual Property Rights, The Peninsula Foundation (September 10, 2020), https://www.thepeninsula.org.in/2020/09/10/contemporary-and-upcoming-issues- in-the-field-of-intellectual-property-rights/.

[20] Colin R. Davies, An evolutionary step in intellectual property rights – Artificial intelligence and intellectual property, Computer Law & Security Review Volume 27, Issue 6, Pages 601-619 (2011).

[22] Andres Guadamuz, Artificial intelligence and copyright, Wipo Magazine (October 2017) https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2017/05/article_0003.html.

^{^[2]} Shahram Heshmat Ph.D. - University of Illinois at Springfield

^{^[3]} S. Letwin, The Gentleman in Trollope: Individuality and Moral Conduct 63 (1982).

^{^[4]} J. Lucas ‘My discussion of human nature. The Principles of Politics at 1ff. (1966).

^{^[5]} Complete Works - Plato - John M Cooper (Edited)

^{^[6]} Lord Reid, "The Judge as Law-Maker" (1972) 12 Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law 22 at pp, 28-2

^{^[7]} The distinction between a legitimate development of the law and an objectionable departure from settled principle may of course provoke sharp differences of opinion: see Kleinwort Benson Ltd v. Lincoln City Council [1999] 2 A.C

^{^[9]} Day v. Slaughter, Prec Ch. 16 (1690); Fursakar v. Robinson, Prec. Ch. 475 (1717); Chaman v. Gibson, 3 Bros. C-C 229 (1791). For details see, Roscoe Pound, Law and Morals 31-9

^{^[10]} public; Boswell, Life of Johnson II, 258 (Croker ed. 1859)

^{^[11]} The Conception of Morality in Jurisprudence - T. W. Taylor, Jr. - The Philosophical Review, Jan. 1896, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan. 1896), pp. 36-5

^{^[12]} Harrison, " English School of Jurisprudence." Fort. Rev., vol. XXX, p. 488.

^{^[13]} HLA Hart, The Concept of Law, Revised edition, Oxford University Press Publications, 2002 at p. 185-200

^{^[14]} HLA Hart, The Concept of Law, Revised edition, Oxford University Press Publications, 2002 at p. 219-223

^{^[15]} Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law (Yale University Press c 1964) 33 – 91

^{^[16]} Benjamin C Zipursky, „Practical Positivism versus Practical Perfectionism: The Hart Fuller Debate at fifty?, [2008] Vol 83, New York University Law Review at p.1170- 1212

^{^[18]} Stephanie Patron, “The Inner morality of law- An analysis of Lon L Fuller’s Theory?, [2014], Glasgow University Law Society Law Review

^{^[19]} Steven Shavell, „ Law versus morality as regulators of conduct?, [2002] Vol 4, no. 2, American Journal and Economics review at p. 227-257

[1] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[3] K Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[4] Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala, (2018) 5 SCC 725.

[1] Oscar Schachter, The Emergence of International Environmental Law, 44 Journal of International Affairs , 457–493 (1991), https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357318.

[5] Trail smelter case (United States, Canada), 3 UNRIAA, p. 1905, 1952

[6] Alan E. Boyle et al., Birnie, Boyle & Redgwell's international law and the environment (Oxford University Press) (2021).

[7] Alan E. Boyle et al., Birnie, Boyle & Redgwell's international law and the environment (Oxford University Press) (2021).

[8] Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain) (1957), R.S.A., Vol. 12, 405.

[9] Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, Nauru v. Australia, ICJ Rep. (1992) p. 240.

[12] ILC Report (2001) Document A/56/10, p. 388 para. 4.

[13] Philippe Sands et al., Principles of International Environmental Law (Cambridge University Press) (2019).

[14] Malgosia Fitzmaurice et al., Research Handbook on international environmental law (Edward Elgar) (2021).

[15] Patricia W. Birnie et al., International law and the environment (Oxford University Press) (2009).

[17] Trail smelter case (United States, Canada), 3 UNRIAA, p. 1905, 1952.

[18] Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain) (1957), R.S.A., Vol. 12, 405.

[19] Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, Nauru v. Australia, ICJ Rep. (1992) p. 240.

[20] Gab?íkovo-Nagymaros, Hungary’s Memorial, p. 318.

[21] Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia), Application instituting proceedings, para 3.

[22] Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay, Argentina v Uruguay, Order, Provisional Measures, ICJ GL No 135, [2006] ICJ Rep 113, (2006) 45 ILM 1025, ICGJ 2 (ICJ 2006), 13th July 2006, United Nations [UN]; International Court of Justice [ICJ].

[23] ILC Rep. (2001) Document A/56/10, p. 388 para. 4.

[24] R. Lefeber, Transboundary Environmental Interference and the origin of State liability (Kluwer Law International) (1996).

[27] R. Lefeber, Transboundary Environmental Interference and the origin of State liability (Kluwer Law International) (1996), pp. 87-89.

[28] ILC Rep. (2001) Document A/56/10, p. 388 para. 4.

[29] Trail smelter case (United States, Canada), 3 UNRIAA, p. 1905, 1952.

[30] Remus Pr?v?lie, Nuclear weapons tests and environmental consequences: A global perspective, 43 AMBIO , 729–744 (2014).

[31] Nuclear Tests, Australia v France, Judgment on Admissibility, [1974] ICJ Rep 253, ICGJ 133 (ICJ 1974), 20th December 1974, United Nations [UN]; International Court of Justice [ICJ],

[32] ILC Rep. (2001) Document A/56/10, p. 390 para. 3.

[33] Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, para. 29.

[35] Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay, Argentina v Uruguay, Order, Provisional Measures, ICJ GL No 135, [2006] ICJ Rep 113, (2006) 45 ILM 1025, ICGJ 2 (ICJ 2006), 13th July 2006, United Nations [UN]; International Court of Justice [ICJ].

[36] ILC Rep. (2001) Document A/56/10, p. 377 para. 2.

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[38] Christina Voigt, State responsibility for damages associated with climate change, Research Handbook on Climate Change Law and Loss & Damage , 166–183 (2021).

[39] Trail smelter case (United States, Canada), 3 UNRIAA, 1952.

[40] ILC Rep. (2001) Document A/56/10, p. 399 para. 2.

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[45] See the 1971 Convention Relating tsandso Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material and the 1969 Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage.

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[47] Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs, https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_56_10.pdf (last visited Apr 22, 2023).

[48] Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania); Assessment of Compensation, 15 XII 49, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 15 December 1949

[1] Student, Third Year, BA, LLB (Hons.), School of Law, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

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[4] David. J. Schiner, Genetically modified organisms and the Cartagena Protocol 394 (Fordham Enytl. L.J., 2001).

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[6] Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 7 – 10, 12, 2000.

[7] Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 10.6, 2000.

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[10] The Environment Protection Act, 1986, §25, No. 29, Acts of Parliament, 1986 (India).

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[14] Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Foods Derived from Genetically Engineered Plants, 2008.

[15] Guidelines for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Plants, 2016; Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Plants: A Guide for Stakeholders and Risk Analysis Framework, 2016; Guidelines, User’s Guide and Risk Analysis Framework In: Environmental Risk Assessment of GE Plants 2016.

[16] Vibha Ahuja, Regulation of emerging gene technologies in India (BMC Proceedings, Working paper No. 12 (Suppl 8): 14, 2018).

[17] The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) Bill, 2013, PRS Legislative Research, https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-biotechnology-regulatory-authority-of-india-bill-2013, accessed 3 October 2022.

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[1] Sneha Mahawar, Vanya Verma, How to take legal action against sextortion, iPleaders (June 5, 2021) at https://blog.ipleaders.in/take-legal-action-sextortion/#Section_1081ia.

[2] Sneha Mahawar, Vanya Verma, How to take legal action against sextortion, iPleaders (June 5, 2021) at https://blog.ipleaders.in/take-legal-action-sextortion/#Section_1081ia.

[3] Sneha Mahawar, Vanya Verma, How to take legal action against sextortion, iPleaders (June 5, 2021) at https://blog.ipleaders.in/take-legal-action-sextortion/#Section_1081ia.

[5] Sneha Mahawar, Vanya Verma, How to take legal action against sextortion, iPleaders (June 5, 2021) at https://blog.ipleaders.in/take-legal-action-sextortion/#Section_1081ia.

[6] Sneha Mahawar, Vanya Verma, How to take legal action against sextortion, iPleaders (June 5, 2021) at https://blog.ipleaders.in/take-legal-action-sextortion/#Section_1081ia.

[7] Sneha Mahawar, Vanya Verma, How to take legal action against sextortion, iPleaders (June 5, 2021) at https://blog.ipleaders.in/take-legal-action-sextortion/#Section_1081ia.

[11] Saloni Agrawal, Online sextortion, Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture at https://iisb.org/pdf/june2020/6.%20Online%20sextortion.pdf.

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