INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

MARITAL RAPE LAWS COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY AND THE WAY FORWARD BY - SHASHWAT VARDHAN

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REFORMING JUSTICE: THE INTERSECTION OF REHABILITATION AND PUNISHMENT AND THE ETHICAL IMPERATIVE FOR REHABILITATION IN INDIAN CRIMINAL FRAMEWORK BY - NANDINI DEVULAPALLI

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TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM: REFLECTS THE NATION’S ASPIRATIONS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON CONSTITUTIONALISM AND TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM IN INDIA BY - DR. KONERU ANURADHA

Authors: DR. KONERU ANURADHA

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GASLIGHTING IN PARENTAL ALIENATION DURING DIVORCE: A FAMILY LAW PERSPECTIVE BY - RIYA BHATIA

Authors: RIYA BHATIA

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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY IN INDIAN COMPANIES BY: APARAJITA PATEL

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BALANCING LIBERTY AND STATE POWER: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF ARTICLE 21 AND EMERGENCY RESTRICTIONS IN INDIA BY - SHAKTISINH V PARMAR

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ACCELERATING DIGITALIZATION FOR DISABILITY JUSTICE: ADDRESSING ACCESSIBILITY CHALLANGES IN THE MODERN ERA BY - PAREKH RIDDHI KANUBHAI & DR.MAYURI PANDYA

Authors: PAREKH RIDDHI KANUBHAI & DR.MAYURI PANDYA

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THE CURIOUS CASE OF SARADHA: A TALE OF CHIT FUNDS AND PONZI SCHEMES IN INDIA BY - ANJALI BHATT

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EVOLVING STATE ACCOUNTABILITY: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF TORTIOUS LIABILITY IN ENGLAND AND THE IMPACT OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY BY: SWATI.V & NITHIYA SURIYA.M

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THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OVER BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION BY: - DHIRAJ KUAMR SHARMA

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
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[7] Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals (1797).

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[10] History of Corrections—Punishment, Prevention, or Rehabilitation? | Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/history-corrections-punishment-prevention-or-rehabilitation (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

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[16] Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhitha, 2023, § 202, India.

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[19] Against rehabilitation: for reparative justice | Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/publications/cjm/article/against-rehabilitation-reparative-justice(last visited Dec 16, 2024)

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[23] State of Tamil Nadu v. Nalini, (1999) 5 SCC 253 (India).

[24] Bachchan Singh v. State of Punjab, (1980) 2 SCC 684, ¶ 8, at 688 (India).

[25] K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra, (1962) AIR 605, 1962 SCR Supl. (1) 567, ¶ 13, at 570 (India).

[26] Shyam Prakash Pandey, Kinds of Punishment under Indian Penal Code: A Critical Evaluation and Need for Reform, 4.

[27] State of Gujarat v. Hon'ble High Court of Gujarat, (1998) 7 SCC 392, ¶ 10, at 396 (India).

[28] Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Indian Penal Code 34th ed. 2014, at 123 (LexisNexis 2014).

[29] Mohammad Giasuddin v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (1977) 3 SCC 287, ¶ 3 (India).

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[31] Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, OHCHR, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-basic-principles-justice-victims-crime-and-abuse (last visited Dec 16, 2024).

[1] Navtej Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1

[2] Patterson, C.Perry, "The Evolution of Constitutionalism" (1948). Minnesota Law Review. 934. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/934

[4] 540 Henry Schwarz and Sangeeta Ray (EDS), A Companion of 3 Postcolonial Studies (Blackwell Publishing, 2000).

[5] Michel Rosenfeld (EDS), Constitutionalism, identity, 4 Difference and Legitimacy- Theoretical Perspective, 41-42 (Duke University Press, 1994).

[6] D.D. BASU, SHORTER CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, 115-16 (Justice A.R. 6 Lakshamanan, Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee & V.R. Manohar, 14th ed., 2009).

[7] D.D. BASU, SHORTER CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, 115-16 (Justice A.R. 6 Lakshamanan, Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee & V.R. Manohar, 14th ed., 2009).

[8] C.H. McIlwain, Constitutionalism Ancient and Modern, 21-22 (1987).

[9] Polybins was imprisoned in Italy for sixteen years, and during this time wrote a history of the Roman Republic in which he made the first exposition of the principle of checks and balances known to political theory.

[10] Cicero was the greatest lawyer of the ancient world and was an exponent of the doctrine of Natural Law. "True Law," he said, in his De Republica, "is right reason in agreement with nature; it is of universal application, unchanging and ever lasting . . . we cannot be freed from its obligations by Senate or people . . . and there will not be different laws at Rome and at Athens, or different laws now and in the future, but one eternal and unchangeable law will be valid for all nations and all times, and there will be one master and ruler, that is God, over us all, for He is the author of this law, its promulgator, and its enforcing judge."

[11] William A. Dunning, Political Theories, Ancient and Modern 64-65 (1913).

[12] Prof.(Dr.) Mahendra Pal Singh, Vice Chancellor, “Constitutionalism in India in Comparative Perspective”, the lecture delivered in the memory of Dr.D.D. Basu at National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata in February 2018. Pgs 645-646.

https://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/11.4-MP-Singh-CONSTITUTIONALISM-IN-INDIA-IN-COMPARATIVE-PERSPECTIVE.pdf

[13] Bracton, Henry of Bratton (d. 1268), a judge of the King's Bench in the reign of Henry III in his De Legibus et Consultudinibus Angliae (written before 1256), a collectioft of about 2,000 common law decisions, says "The King himself ought not be subject to man, but subject to God and the law, for the law makes the King. Let the King then attribute to the law what the law attributes to him, namely, dominion and power, for there is nw King where the will and not the law has dominion. " (De Legibus et Consuetudenibus Angiae (Swiss ed. 1854) 5 b.)

[14] Sir Edward Coke, and his De Legi us had a tremendous influence in the development of the supremacy of law. He contended that all authority was derived from law and was, therefore, limited by law. He said natural law was immutable because it could not be repealed. His doctrine of the supremacy of law is the essence of constitutionalism. (De Laudibus Legum Angliae (Amos ed. 1825), c.c. 9, 13, 18, 34 at 26-27.)

In the Dr. Bonham's case, decided in the Common Pleas in 1610, Coke said: "And it appears in our books, that in many cases, the common law will control acts of Parliament, and sometimes adjudge them to be utterly void; for when an act of Parliament is against common right and reason, or repugnant, or impossible to be performed, the common law will control it and adjudge such an act to be void." "Common right and reason" is something permanent and fundamental, and, therefore, higher law.

[15] AV Dicey was one of the prominent British Whig jurist and constitutional theorist. In his work ‘Introduction to the study of the law of the Constitution (1885) explained three major elements of constitutionalism with the help of ‘the doctrine of rule of law’. They are 1. Supremacy of the law, 2. Equality before the law and 3. Predominance of legal spirit.

[16] Patterson, C.Perry, "The Evolution of Constitutionalism" (1948). Minnesota Law Review. 934. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/934

[17] Krati Garg, ‘Development of Constitutionalism during the English Period’, published in online page LexForti Legal : Legal Outsourcing Platform on the date January 15, 2021.

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[18] Ramashroy Roy, Beyond Ego's Domain: Being and Order in the Vedas (Delhi: Shipra Publications, 1999), p. 8. https://www.mids.ac.in/assets/doc/WP_165.pdf

[19] Rohit De, Constitutional Antecedents in The Oxford Handbook of The Indian Constitution 20-23 (S. Choudhry, M. Khosla & P.B. Mehta ed., 2016).

https://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/11.4-MP-Singh-CONSTITUTIONALISM-IN-INDIA-IN-COMPARATIVE-PERSPECTIVE.pdf

[20] Rohit De, Constitutional Antecedents in The Oxford Handbook of The Indian Constitution 23-26 (S. Choudhry, M. Khosla & P.B. Mehta ed., 2016).

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[21] J. Tully, Strange Multiplicity Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (2007). Chapter 6 (in general and its conclusion in particular).

[22] Ms. Nivedita Ghos, Transformative Constitutionalism and rights of Homosexuals in India and South Africa: A comparative Study, CMR University Journal for Contemporary Legal Affairs, Vol.3, Issue2, August, 2021, MNLU, Nagapur. Pgs 4 and 5.

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[23] Klare, E. Karl., Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism, 14 SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS, (1998) p. 146. Cited in Alisha Dhingra, Indian Constitutionalism: A Case of Transformative Constitutionalism, ASIAN JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES, 2(7), (2014) p. 136

[24] Pius Langa, Transformative Constitutionalism, 17 STELLENBOSCH L. REV. p. 351-352 (2006). Cited in Vrinda Narain, Postcolonial Constitutionalism in India: Complexities & Contradictions, 25 S. CAL. INTERDISC. L.J. 109 (2016)

[25] The words socialism and secular concepts introduced in our constitution by 42^nd amendment in the year 1976.

[27] Livelaw News Network, “Constitution intends to transform society”:Justice Chandrachud, posted on 10^th Sept 2018.

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[28] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[29] Minerva Mills Ltd v. Union of India, (1980) 3 SCC 625, 642.

[30] Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford University Press, 1999.

[31] K.S. Puttaswamy and Anr. vs. Union of India ((2017) 10 SCC 1)

[32] National Legal Service Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014 INSC 275)

[33] Navtej Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1

[34] Indian Young Lawyers Assn. v. State of Kerala, (2019) 11 SCC 1

[35] Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India, (2018) 8 SCC 501

[36] Shrimanth Balasaheb Patil v. Karnataka Legislative Assembly, (2020) 2 SCC 595.

[1] Holly Smith, 'Parental Alienation Syndrome: Fact or Fiction? The Problem with Its Use in Child Custody Cases' (2016) 11(1) UMass L Rev

[4] Col. Ramneesh Pal Singh v Sugandhi Aggarwal [2024] 6 S.C.R. 259; 2024 INSC 397 (Civil Appeal No 6137 of 2024) (08 May 2024)

[6]Griffiths Law PC, 'What is Parental Alienation & How to Fight Back' (2024) https://www.griffithslawpc.com/blog-articles/parental-alienation/

[7] Sullivan, M., & Kelly, J. 'Assessing for Alienation in Child Custody and Access Evaluations' (2023) 296 Family Court Review 201

[1] “Viktor Mayer-Schönberger & Kenneth Cukier, Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think 6 (2013).”

[2] “Ira S. Rubinstein, Big Data: The End of Privacy or a New Beginning?, 3 Int'l Data Privacy L. 74, 74-76 (2013).”

[3] “danah boyd & Nicole B. Ellison, Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship, 13 J. Computer-Mediated Comm. 210, 210-230 (2008).”

[4] “Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Opinion 8/2014 on the Recent Developments on the Internet of Things, 14/EN WP 223 (2014).”

[5] “W. Kuan Hon et al., The Problem of 'Personal Data' in Cloud Computing: What Information is Regulated?—The Cloud of Unknowing, 1 Int'l Data Privacy L. 211, 211-228 (2011).”

[6] “Margot E. Kaminski, The Right to Explanation, Explained, 34 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 189, 189-218 (2019).”

[7] “Ponemon Institute, Cost of a Data Breach Report 2021 (2021).”

[8] “Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power 8 (2019).”

[9] “Christopher Kuner, Regulation of Transborder Data Flows under Data Protection and Privacy Law: Past, Present and Future 10-15 (OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 187, 2011).”

[10] “Edward Lee, The Right to Be Forgotten v. Free Speech, 12 J.L. & Pol'y for Info. Soc'y 85, 85-112 (2015).”

[11] “Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Opinion 3/2012 on Developments in Biometric Technologies, 00720/12/EN WP193 (2012).”

[12] “Avi Goldfarb & Catherine E. Tucker, Privacy Regulation and Online Advertising, 57 Mgmt. Sci. 57, 57-71 (2011).”

[13] “Anupam Chander & Uyên P. Lê, Data Nationalism, 64 Emory L.J. 677, 677-739 (2015).”

[14] “Ann Cavoukian, Privacy by Design: The 7 Foundational Principles, Info. & Privacy Comm'r of Ont. (2011).”

[15] “Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1963 SC 1295; M.P. Sharma v. Satish Chandra, AIR 1954 SC 300.”

[16] “Gobind v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1975) 2 SCC 148.”

[17] “R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1994) 6 SCC 632.”

[18] “Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.”

[22] “Bhatia, Gautam. “The Supreme Court's Right to Privacy Judgment – I: Foundations.” Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy, 27 Aug. 2017.”

[23] “The Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India), § 43A.”

[25] “Apar Gupta, Commentary on Information Technology Act 123 (2011).”

[26] “Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, Gazette of India, pt. II sec. 3(i) (Apr. 11, 2011).”

[27] “Vakul Sharma, Information Technology Law and Practice 312 (4th ed. 2015).”

[28] “Nandan Kamath, Law Relating to Computers, Internet and E-Commerce 201 (5th ed. 2012).”

[29] “Talat Fatima, Cyber Crimes 156 (2011).”

[30] “Farooq Ahmad, Cyber Law in India 89 (4th ed. 2013).”

[31] “Pavan Duggal, Textbook on Cyber Law 178 (2014).”

[32] “Biswanath Prasad Samal v. Union of India, AIR 2019 Cal 287.”

[33] “The Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India), § 72A.”

[34] “Rodney D. Ryder, Guide to Cyber Laws 234 (2nd ed. 2016).”

[35] “Karnika Seth, Computers, Internet and New Technology Laws 167 (2013).”

[36] “Vijay Pal Dalmia, Indian Cyber Law 201 (2017).”

[37] “R.K. Chaubey, An Introduction to Cyber Crime and Cyber Law 289 (2nd ed. 2012).”

[38] “The Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India), § 72A.”

[39] “Yatindra Singh, Cyber Laws 145 (6th ed. 2016).”

[40] “Nishith Desai Associates, Indian Legal and Tax Considerations 78 (2018).”

[41] “Anuj Agarwal v. Union of India, WP(C) 7123/2018 (Del. HC, Mar. 1, 2019).”

[42] “Vakul Sharma, Information Technology Law and Practice 356 (5th ed. 2019).”

[43] “Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, Rule 3.”

[58] “Reserve Bank of India, Storage of Payment System Data, RBI/2017-18/153 (Apr. 6, 2018).”

[60] “Reserve Bank of India, Storage of Payment System Data – Clarification, RBI/2018-19/216 (June 26, 2019).”

[61] “Anirudh Burman & Bhargavi Zaveri, Regulatory Governance Under the PDP Bill: A Powerful Ship with an Unchecked Captain?, 54 Econ. & Pol. Wkly. 45, 45-52 (2019).”

[62] “Arindrajit Basu et al., The Localisation Gambit: Unpacking Policy Measures for Sovereign Control of Data in India, Centre for Internet & Society (Mar. 19, 2019).”

[63] “Basu, Hickok & Chawla, The Localisation Gambit: Unpacking Policy Measures for Sovereign Control of Data in India, The Centre for Internet and Society (2019).”

[64] “Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Recommendations on Privacy, Security and Ownership of the Data in the Telecom Sector (July 16, 2018).”

[73] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, Bill No. 373 of 2019 (India).”

[84] “KPMG, Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019: Impact Analysis, Feb. 2020.”

[85] “Deloitte, India's Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019: Key Requirements and Impact Analysis, Mar. 2020.”

[86] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 34.”

[89] “Anirudh Burman, Will India's Proposed Data Protection Law Protect Privacy and Promote Growth?, Carnegie India (Mar. 9, 2020).”

[90] “Ernst & Young, Data Protection in India: All You Need to Know About Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, Jan. 2020.”

[91] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 57.”

[96] “Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1.”

[97] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 20; GDPR, art. 17.”

[98] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 11, 30; GDPR, art. 7, 37.”

[99] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 33, 34; GDPR, ch. V.”

[100] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 57; GDPR, art. 83.”

[101] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 35.”

[104] “The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, § 27; GDPR, art. 35.”

[105] “Deloitte, Data Privacy and Protection: Challenges for Indian Companies, 14 (2019).”

[106] “KPMG, Personal Data Protection in India: Challenges and Opportunities, 22 (2020).”

[107] “PwC India, Cost of Data Protection Compliance for Indian Businesses, 8 (2021).”

[108] “Ernst & Young, Technical Challenges in Implementing Data Protection Measures in India, 17 (2020).”

[109] “Nishith Desai Associates, Data Localization: Impact on Indian Businesses, 9 (2019).”

[110] “NASSCOM, Skill Gap Analysis in Data Protection and Privacy Sector in India, 12 (2021).”

[111] “McKinsey & Company, Balancing Data Protection and Innovation in Indian Companies, 25 (2020).”

[112] “AZB & Partners, Cross-Border Data Transfers: Challenges for Indian Companies, 7 (2021).”

[113] “Trilegal, Implementing Data Subject Rights: Practical Challenges for Indian Businesses, 19 (2020).”

[114] “Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas, Consent Management in the Indian Data Protection Landscape, 11 (2021).”

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[3] AlMeraj, Z., Alhuwail, D., Qadri, R. et al. Understanding mindsets, skills, current practices, and barriers of adoption of digital accessibility in Kuwait’s software development landscape. Univ Access Inf Soc 23, 1427–1446 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-023-00980-5

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[1] Wade, E.C.S. and Bradley, A. W. Constitutional and Administrative law 10th Ed. (Longman, London, 1985) P.678; Hood Philips, O. and Paul Jackson, Constitutional and Administrative law, 7th Ed. (Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1987) P.702.

[2] Herbert Broom, A Selection of Legal Maxims, 10th Ed. (Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1939), pp. 21

[3] The society was not complex and the civil law was redimentary. The subject of Anglo-Sexon Justice did not cover offences except violent ones and theft. In such a society when the law could not compel an accused or a suspect to submit himself to Justice and pay fines, it could not be imagined that a tenant or an individual might sue his Lord, or the over Lord-the King, for damages; Pollock and Maitland, The History of English Law, Vol. 1 (1968) P.P. 37-38

[4] Street, H. Governmental Liability: A comparative study, (Cambridge University Press, 1953) P.1

[5] somervell, "The State as Defendant." 33 A.L.J., (1959), P.149

[6] Holdsworth, W.S. A History of English Law, IX 2nd Ed. Matheuven and Co., Ltd., London, (1944), P.12 Pollock and Milland supra note 6 at P515.

[9] Viscount Canterbury v. Attorney General (1842):1 Ph.306

[10] Attorney General v. De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd., (1920) A.C.P.508 at P.P. 530-531

[11]Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company v. Lords Commissioner of Admiralty, (1947) K.B. 794 at pp. 801

[14] This device was adopted by statute and still operates for criminal liability for traffic offences; Road Traffic Act, 1972 S.188(8), Barnett v. French (1981) 1 W.L.R. 848

[15] Glanville Williams, Crown Proceedings (1948) pp.17-18

[18] Crown Proceedings Committee Report, emd.2842 (1927)

[19] Section 2(1) of the Crown Proceedings Act, 1947, There is no liability in tort outside the Act, Tranik v. Lennox (1985) IWLR 532

[25] (1952)2 All.E.R.149; Delvin J. expressed his dissatisfaction thus: "before I leave this case, I must express my uneasy feeling that Justice may not have been done because the material evidence before me was not complete and something more than an uneasy feeling that whether Justice has been done or not, it certainly will not appear to have been done' at p. 155.

^{^[5]} Confirmed Parliament's authority to modify any segment of the constitution, including Fundamental Rights. Mandated the president's approval for the constitution amendment bill, enforced since November 5, 1971.

^{^[6]} Power of parliament to amend the constitution and procedure.

^{^[8]} During the Emergency of 1975–1977, the Thirty-ninth Amendment to the Constitution of India, enforced on August 10, 1975, exempted the election processes of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and Lok Sabha Speaker from review by Indian courts.

^{^[11]} Article 26 to 32 deals with the structure and power of the legislative branch.

^{^[12]} Article 2 to 25 deals with provision of fundamental right and freedoms

^{^[14]} Qanuni assassi jumhuri i Isla ‘ mai Iran Constitution .

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