INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

E-COMMERCE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION BY - D. P. HARITHA SRIVIDHYA, DR. NAGESWARA RAO & P. GAYATHRI

Authors : D. P. HARITHA SRIVIDHYA, DR. NAGESWARA RAO & & P. GAYATHRI

Registration ID : 106919 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6919, IJLRA6920 & IJLRA6973

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : hsdp.soel@gmail.com & drrao1418@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-24667358/E-COMMERCE AND CONSUMER PROTECTION

ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION CONCERNING SOCIAL AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA BY - MR. NIRUPAM BHATTACHARYA

Authors : MR. NIRUPAM BHATTACHARYA

Registration ID : 106918 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6918

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nirupam.hlc@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-81323344/ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION CONCERNING SOC

LEGAL OBLIGATIONS ENSURING FAIR INTERNATIONAL TRADE BY - ABHIPSA TEJASWETA

Authors : ABHIPSA TEJASWETA

Registration ID : 106917 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6917

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : 123abhipsatejasweta@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-43455752/LEGAL OBLIGATIONS ENSURING FAIR INTERNATIONAL TRAD

TRANSGENDER RIGHTS IN THE WORKPLACE: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND INCLUSIVITY BY - KHUSHI SINGH

Authors : KHUSHI SINGH

Registration ID : 106916 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6916

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : khushiis046@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-42859639/TRANSGENDER RIGHTS IN THE WORKPLACE: LEGAL CHALLEN

JURY OF MANAV-DHARMSHASTRA – A BRIEF STUDY BY - ADVOCATE KESHAV DEV

Authors : ADVOCATE KESHAV DEV

Registration ID : 106915 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6915

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aadikeshavdev@gmail.com

Page No : 24 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-46988755/JURY OF MANAV-DHARMSHASTRA – A BRIEF STUDY

SECURITIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY- THE NEW ERA OF CREDIT LENDING MARKET (REQUIRED SOCIO-LEGAL CHANGES) BY - KRITI VARDHAN PANDEY

Authors : KRITI VARDHAN PANDEY

Registration ID : 106914 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6914

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : kritivardhancourt@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-83231932/SECURITIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY- THE NEW E

UNRAVELING THE LEGAL COMPLEXITIES OF COUNTERFEITING IN INDIAS E-COMMERCE LANDSCAPE BY JANVI JOHAR

Authors : JANVI JOHAR

Registration ID : 106913 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6913

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : janvijohar@gmail.com

Page No : 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-98276376/UNRAVELING THE LEGAL COMPLEXITIES OF COUNTERFEITIN

Case Commentary: Is Triple Talaq An Essential Religious Practice Under Article 25 Of The Indian Constitution? Shayara Bano V. Union Of India And Ors. [Air 2017 9 Scc 1 (Sc)] By - Nishtha Gautam & Prachi Vasudev

Authors : Nishtha Gautam & Prachi Vasudev

Registration ID : 106911 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6911 & IJLRA6912

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nishtha.gautam.123@gmail.com & prachisharmaa31@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-21148623/Case Commentary:

BUILDING BETTER FUTURES: ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES BY: P. MEENMOZHI

Authors : P. MEENMOZHI

Registration ID : 106910 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6910

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : meenu1357@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-71759954/BUILDING BETTER FUTURES: ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOL

CYBER CRIMES BY JUVENILE DELINQUENTS BY - MS. PRACHI RANJAN & MS. SHIVANGI SINHA

Authors : MS. PRACHI RANJAN & MS. SHIVANGI SINHA

Registration ID : 106908 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6908 & IJLRA6909

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : ranjanprachi3@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-23496662/CYBER CRIMES BY JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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[9] MINISTRY OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Comments Invited on Draft of Intermediary Guidelines, 2018, December 27, 2018, available at https://meity.gov.in/comments-invited-draft- intermediary-rules.

[10] Facebook Inc v. Union of India, (2019) SCC OnLine SC 1717.

[11] J Parthiban v. The Superintendent of Police and Ors W.P. No. 20774/2018 and 20214/2018 Madras High Court; Ezhilarasi v. State, H.C.P.(MD) No. 905 of 2018 Madras High Court.

[12] Anthony Clement Rubin v. Union of India, WP 20774 of 2018; Janani Krishnamurthy v. Union of India, WP 20214 of 2018.; MEDIANAMA (Aditi Agrawal), WhatsApp to Madras HC: Impossible to track the sender of a message because of encryption, June 10, 2019, available at https://www.medianama.com/2019/06/223- whatsapp-to-madrashc-impossible-to-track-the-sender-of-a-message-because-of-encryption/ (Last visited on June 12, 2022)

[13] Anand Venkatnarayanan, Dr Kamakoti’s solution for WhatsApp traceability without breaking encryption is erroneous and not feasible, August 13, 2019, MEDIANAMA, available at https://www.medianama.com/2019/08/223-kamakoti-solution-for-traceability-whatsapp-encryption-madras- anand-venkatanarayanan/ (Last visited on June 12,2022); ECONOMIC TIMES (Megha Mandavia), Digital rights body IFF files IIT-B Prof submission saying traceability on whatsapp vulnerable to falsification, August 25, 2019, available at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/digital-rights-body-iff-files-iit-b-prof- submission-sayingtraceability-on-whatsapp-vulnerable-to-falsification/articleshow/70826842.cms?from=mdr (Last visited on June 12,2022).

[14] Adhoc Committee of the Rajya Sabha, Report of the Adhoc Committee of the Rajya Sabha to Study the Alarming Issue of Pornography on Social Media and its Effect on Children and Society as a Whole (January 25, 2020).

[16] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, Rule 4(2).

[17] Kseniia Ermoshina et al., End-to-end encrypted messaging protocols: An overview. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERNET SCIENCE (January 5, 2017).

[18] Nik Unger et al., SoK: secure messaging, 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (2015) ¶10.

[19] Discussion by Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT).

[20] Thomas Brewster, Forget About Backdoors, This Is The Data WhatsApp Actually Hands To Cops, FORBES, January 22, 2017, available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2017/01/22/whatsapp-facebook- backdoorgovernment-data-request/?sh=1c0024531030 (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[21] Joshua Lund, Technology preview: Sealed sender for Signal, SIGNAL BLOG, October 29, 2019, available at https://signal.org/blog/sealed-sender (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[22] Aditi Agrawal & Nikhil Pahwa, IIT Madras's Kamakoti tells MediaNama how WhatsApp traceability is possible without undermining end-to-end encryption, MEDIANAMA, August 8, 2019, available at https://www.medianama.com/2019/08/223-kamakoti-medianama-whatsapp-traceability-interview/ (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[23] Brian Krebs, Why Phone Numbers Stink As Identity Proof, KREBS ON SECURITY, March 17, 2019, available at https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/03/why-phone-numbers-stink-as-identity-proof (Last visited on June 12, 2022); Joseph Cox, A Hacker Got All My Texts for $16, VICE, available at https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3g8wb/hacker-got-my-texts-16-dollars-sakari-netnumber (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[24] The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, Rule 4(2).

[26] Aparna Chandra, Proportionality in India: A Bridge to Nowhere? ,Vol. 3(2), OxHRHJ, 55, (2020); Vrinda Bhandari & Karan Lahiri, The Surveillance State, Privacy and Criminal Investigation in India: Possible Futures in a Post-Puttaswamy World, Vol. 3(2), OxHRHJ, 55, (2020); Malavika Prasad, Aadhaar verdict: SC's majority judgment lacks consistency in logic and reasoning, turns constitutional analysis on its head, FIRSTPOST , September 29, 2018, available at https://www.firstpost.com/india/aadhaar-verdict-scs-majority-judgment-lacks- consistency-in-logic-andreasoning-turns-constitutional-analysis-on-its-head-5284941.html (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[28] Academy Of Nutrition Improvement v.Union Of India, 2011 8 SCC 274.

[30] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2013) 12 SCC 73.

[31] Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government notifies Information Technology (IntermediaryGuidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021, Press Information Bureau, February 25, 2021, available at https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700749 (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[32] Stephan. Lewandowsky et al, Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing, Vol.13(3), PSYCHOL SCI PUBLIC INTEREST, 106–131(2012).

[33] Gurshabad Grover, Tanaya Rajwade & Divyank Katira, The Ministry and the Trace: Subverting End-To End Encryption, 14 NUJS L. Rev. 2 (2021)

[36] ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, Necessary & Proportionate: On the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance, December 2014, available at https://necessaryandproportionate.org/files/en_principles_2014.pdf, (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[38] JUSTICE B.N. SRIKRISHNA COMMITTEE, A Free and Fair Digital Economy – Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians, ¶ 52 (July, 2018); ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, OECD guidelines on the protection of privacy and transborder flows of personal data, available at: http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/oecdguidelinesontheprotectionofprivacyandtransborderflowsofpersonaldata.h tm (Last visited on June 12, 2022).

[39] Chinmayi Arun, Paper-Thin Safeguards and Mass Surveillance in India, January 3, 2015, Vol. 26, NLSIR, 105 (2014).

[40] Internet Freedom Foundation v. Union of India, W.P.(C) No.44/2019

[42] State of Tamil Nadu v. P Krishnamurthy, (2006) SCC 517.

[43] Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Education v. Paritosh Bhupesh Kumar Sheth, AIR 1984 SC 1543, ¶21.

[44] National Stock Exchange Member v. Union of India Ors., 2006 70 SCL 151, ¶ 14.

[1] Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer, “The Regional Media and the Democratic Process” Pg. 26 (2008) Madras Law Journal 4 component of democratic government.

[3] Jacob Rowbottom, Media Freedom and Political Debate in the Digital Era, Pg. 491 (2006) 69(4) Modern Law Review 489-513

[4] Jacob Rowbottom, Media Freedom and Political Debate in the Digital Era Pg. 492 (2006) 69(4) MLR 489-513

[5] Sawant P.B. “Tasks for a New Society”, 3 Mainstream Nov. 20, 1999.

[6] Vora Batuk, “Media Manipulation: A Fast-growing Business” Pg. 26 May 14, 1994, Mainstream

[7] www.businessdictionary.com/definition/communication.html (Visited on April 26, 2017)

[8] 14www.merriam-webster.com (Visited on April 26, 2017)

[9] Joseph Turow, Media Today – An Introduction to Mass Communication7 (Routledge, 3rd Ed., 2009)

[10] Jean Folkerts and Stephen Lacy, The Media in your Life – An Introduction to Mass Communication, 24(Pearson Education, 2004)

[11] 17Vivian, The Media of Mass Communication, 27 (Pearson Education, England, 11thedn., 2013)

[12] [Mittal AK “Trial by media and its impact upon judicial trial a critical study” (2016)]

[15] Such is the force of media trial that the judges who are yet to decide the case themselves feel the force of media Available on https://m.timesofindia.com/edit-page/Media-on-trial/articleshow/1460248.cms (Visited on 15.1.2024)

[1] Mishra, Akanksha. "Third Gender Rights: The Battle for Equality." 2016, https://doi.org/10.12728/culj.9.2.

[3] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

[4] Transgender Persons and Labour Law: A Grey Area. https://www.simpliance.in/blog/transgender-persons-andlabour-law/

[5] Sigurdsson, Lakshmi, and Kirsten M. Andersen. "Human Rights Education and the Conscience of Mankind: Developing Didactics of Perplexity." 2022. ⁶ NALSA v. Union of India - AIR 2014 SC 1863.

[9] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 21.

[10] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

[11] India?: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2029 provides for inclusive education & opportunities without discrimination. (2023, August 2). MENA Report.

[12] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 3(c).

[13] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 5.

[14] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 9.

[15] Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 10. ¹⁸Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, Section 11. ¹⁹Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.

[16] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

[17] Anamika Vv. Union of India, W.P.(C) 4356/2020.

[19] G Nagalakshmi v. Director General of Police ((2014) 7 MLJ 452). ²⁴Puttaswamy v. Union of India – (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[21] Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, Section 3(o).

^{^[1]} Rigveda - Part 3, Acharya vedanta tirtha -Manoj Publication Delhi, Edition 4rth 2012 , Page no.354,356,374

^{^[2]} Taittariya samhita-chaukhamba Sanskrit pratishthan Delhi 2013, Page 74

^{^[3]} Tandya Brahman - Sayan bhashyam-pt.Anand Chandra Vedant vagish-chaukhamba Sanskrit pratishthan Delhi 2012, Page 358

^{^[4]}Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page No.11-12, Mahabharat -Shanti parva - Rajdharma parva -Geetapress Gorakhpur,Part 5, 2015 Page 843

Pt. gopal shastri nene-Manvarthamuktawali( Manusmriti)- Kulluka Bhatt - Chaukhamba sanskrit series Varanasi 2014 edition -8th ,pages -15,16,17

^{^[5]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 edition -1st,Page - 7

^{^[6]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 , edition -1st,Preface,Page - 26-28

^{^[7]} Family law - Hindu law - Ad-hoc law series -Kamal Prakashan Agra 2013 Page no.13

^{^[8]} Vishuddh Manusmriti- Dr. Surendra Kumar Arya-Ved Rishi Prakashan Delhi 2019 , Edition 2,Preface

^{^[9]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917edition -1stPage 24

^{^[10]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st,Page 205

^{^[11]} Yajnavalkya smriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow2015 ,edition -14 nth , page 28

^{^[12]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st,preface Page 25

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^{^[14]} M.Laxmikant - Bharat ki Rajvyavastha -McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Chennai, 6th Edition 2021,page no.26.1 - 28.5 ,34.1-35.11,63.1-63.4,17.6

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^{^[16]} Ashadasha smriti sangraha - Parashar smriti - Khemraj Shrikrishnadas Publication Mumbai, 2018Edition 1, Page 310,Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st,preface Page459- 460

^{^[17]} Kautiliya Arthashastra - Dr.Ramkumar Verma Shastri -Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. 2nd Edition 2010, Page 332

^{^[18]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page No.53

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^{^[20]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition, Page 27

^{^[21]} Ashadasha smriti sangraha - Parashar smriti - Khemraj Shrikrishnadas Publication Mumbai, 2018Edition 1, Page 310

^{^[22]} Ashadasha smriti sangraha - Parashar smriti - Khemraj Shrikrishnadas Publication Mumbai, 2018Edition 1, Page308-309

^{^[23]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page No.53

^{^[24]} Kautiliya Arthashastra - Dr.Ramkumar Verma Shastri -Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. 2nd Edition 2010, Page -57,58,64

^{^[25]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st , Pages - 459-462

^{^[26]} The sacred books of the East- Max Muller-xxxiii, page 122 -1879 - Oxford press-cultural institute of Delhi 1998

^{^[27]} The minor law books by Jolly Julius- Oxford the Cleveland and press 1885 , Preface Page 2

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^{^[29]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page 80,Ashadasha smriti sangraha - Vashishtha Smriti- Khemraj Shrikrishnadas Publication Mumbai, 2018Edition 1,Page 578

^{^[30]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page 102

^{^[31]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st, page 256-261

^{^[32]} Limitation Act 1963 pdf,www.indiacode.nic.in 2022 Part-5, section 64-67

^{^[33]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page 110

^{^[34]} Ashadasha smriti sangraha - Parashar smriti - Khemraj Shrikrishnadas Publication Mumbai, 2018Edition 1, Page 311

^{^[35]} Kautiliya Arthashastra - Dr.Ramkumar Verma Shastri -Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. 2nd Edition 2010, Page 332

^{^[36]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st, page 261-262

^{^[37]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page 22-23

^{^[38]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st, page 246 - 248

^{^[39]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition Page 20-21

^{^[40]} Manusmriti - Pandit Girija Prasad Dwivedi-Nawal Kishore press Lucknow1917 ,edition -1st, Page 256- 263

^{^[41]} Kautiliya Arthashastra - Dr.Ramkumar Verma Shastri -Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. 2nd Edition 2010, Page 337

^{^[42]} Narada-smriti - Dr. Ramkumar Verma Shastri - Dynamic Publication Meerut U.P. ,2005 2nd edition 1 Page 17

^{^[43]} Vishnu Dharma Samhita - Gita press Gorakhpur ,1993, page 238

[2] Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Improving SMEs access to finance and finding innovative solutions to unlock sources of capital, available at https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/international/go-to-market-guide/indian-startup-ecosystem.html

[3] WIPO (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition: What is the future of innovation-driven growth? Top 5,000 brands (% of GDP), source: Brand Finance database (https://brandirectory.com/); and International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021, available at (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/

[4] WIPO (2017). World Intellectual Property Report 2017: Intangible Capital in Global Value chains, available at http://wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4225

[5] Umbrella term broadly used to refer to initiatives introduced on the webpage https://chizai-kinyu.go.jp/

[6] IVSC (2020). International Valuation Standards, including IVS 210, pp. 63-79.

[7] RICS (2020). "Valuation of intellectual property rights".

[8] OECD (2022). Secured lending for SMEs: Making effective use of registries and intangibles, 51 et seq.

[9] BDC (2022). “World IP Day: BDC Capital’s IP-Backed Financing Fund celebrates a busy year helping Canadian

companies grow”, available at https://www.bdc.ca/en/bdc-capital/intellectual-property-backed-financing

[10] Andrew Laidley (2021). “Over 300 trained in intro to IP valuation”, Jamaica Observer, available at www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/over-300-trained-in-intro-to-ip-valuation)

[11] Boosting Innovation, Growth and Entrepreneurship Ecosystem (BIGEE). https://thinkbigee.com/

[1]“A. Didar Singh, “Electronic Commerce: Issues for the South” Trade-related Agenda, Development and Equity, Working Paper, South Centre, October 1999, p. 4.

[2] Mohd. Danish, Trade Promotion Council of India, “India, the next powerhouse of global e-commerce?” (Oct 11, 2023), https://www.tpci.in/indiabusinesstrade/blogs/india-the-next-powerhouse-of-global-e-commerce/.

[3]Indian Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), “E-Commerce Industry in India”, (Aug. 2023),

https://www.ibef.org/industry/ecommerce (Last Updated Feb 2024).

[4] Ruchi Singh, Rommel Pandit, Parmita Nandy Gupta, Sonu Shaji, World Trade Mark Review, “India: Bolstered anti-counterfeiting regime champions stricter market regulation and enhanced consumer awareness” (Sept. 29,2023),https://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/guide/anti-counterfeiting-and-online-brand-enforcement/2023/article/india-bolstered-anti-counterfeiting-regime-champions-stricter-market-regulation-and-enhanced-consumer-awareness.

[6] “Intellectual property”, Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries,

[7] The Indian Penal Code, §28, No. 45, Acts of Parliament,1860 (India).

[8] European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency, European Commission, “Intellectual Property and E-Commerce in India”, (June 29,2023), https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/intellectual-property-and-e-commerce-india-part-2-2023-06-29_en.

[12] The Information and Technology Act, § 2(w), No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[13] The Information and Technology Act, §79(4), No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[14] Rule 3 of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021.

[15] The Information and Technology Act, §79(3), No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).

[16] Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. vs. Myspace Inc. (2011) 48 PTC 49 (India).

[17] Rule 3 of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011.

[18] Luxottica Group SPA vs. Mify Solutions (P) Ltd. (2018) 254 DLT 472 (India).

[19] Kent RO Systems Ltd. vs. Amit Kotak (2017) 240 DLT 3 (India).

[20] Nilanshu Shekhart & Rishabh Manocha, SCC Blog, “Implementation of IP vis-à-vis IT Law and E-Commerce in India” (May 25,2023), https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/05/25/implementation-of-ip-vis-vis-it-law-and-e-commerce-in-india/.

[21] PUMA SE vs. India Mart Intermesh Ltd 2024 SCC On Line Del 17(India).

[22] Google LLC vs. DRS Logistics (Private) Limited FAO(OS)(COMM) 2/2022(India).

[23] Neha Iyer, World Trade Review, “Delhi High Court restrains Indiamart from including PUMA marks in drop-down menu search options” (Jan.31,2024), https://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/article/delhi-high-court-restrains-indiamart-including-puma-marks-in-drop-down-menu-search-options.

[24] Sumanthi Chandrashekaran, Obhan & Associates, “Online marketplaces and intermediary liability: New rules of the game” (Nov. 21,2018), https://www.obhanandassociates.com/blog/online-marketplaces-and-intermediary-liability-new-rules-of-the-game/.

* Advocate, Punjab and Haryana High Court, Chandigarh.

** Advocate, Punjab and Haryana High Court, Chandigarh.

[1] Shayara Bano v. Union of India, (2017) 9 SCC 1.

[2] The Bench comprised of J.S. Khehar (at that time Chief Justice of India), Kurian Joseph, Rohintan Nariman, U.U. Lalit, and S. Abdul Nazeer, JJ. belonging to Sikh, Christian, Parsi, Hindu and Muslim faiths respectively. Despite this plurality representing Bench, the absence of a female justice is clearly evident.

[6] 2002 SCC OnLine Bom 440: (2003) 1 Bom CR 740.

[10] For instance, Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001) 7 SCC 740; Shah Bano and John Vallamatom v. Union of India (2003) 6 SCC.

[13] The State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali, AIR 1952 Bom 84.

[14] Ahmedabad Women Action Group v. Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 573.

[1] S.K. Dholakia, Arbitration agreement in construction contracts, Indian Journal of Arbitration Law, 2011, 1(1), pp. 1-10.

[2] S. Kachwaha, The arbitration law of India: a critical analysis, Asia International Arbitrational Journal, 2007, 1(2), PP 105-126

[3] Sec 7 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

[4] Section 28 of the Contract Act, 1872 provides: “28- Agreements in restraint of legal proceedings void – Every Agreement a. by which any party thereto is restricted absolutely from enforcing his rights under or in respect of any contract, by the usual legal proceedings in the ordinary tribunals, or which limits the time within which he may thus enforce his rights; or b. which extinguishes the rights of any party thereto, or discharges any party thereto, from any liability, under or in respect of any contract on the expiry of a specified period so as to restrict any party from enforcing his rights, is void to the extent.…”

[10] The National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988.

[11] The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016.

[12] Subs. by Act 28 of 2018, s. 5, for "CONSTITUTION OF COMMERCIAL COURTS, COMMERCIAL DIVISIONS AND COMMERCIAL APPELLATE DIVISIONS" (w.e.f. 3-5-2018)

[13] Sec 20A of the Specific Relief Amendment Act, 2018

[14] Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) was formed in 2001 to promote sustainable building practices in India

[15] Initiated in October 2017, by the Government of India, with the aim of improving the country's road infrastructure and connectivity.

[16] Launched in June 2015, by the Government of India, with the goal of providing affordable housing for all by the year 2022.

[17] Kathpalia, Amit. Practical Construction Contract Issues Which Are Not Commonly Understood. Paperback, 12 April 2023.

[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, § 66, (India).

[2] Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, § 2(a), India.

[3] Astha Srivastava & Shivangi Sinha, Cyber Delinquency: Issues and Challenges Under Indian Legal System, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), May 2019

[5] Information Technology Act, 2000, § 66E, (India).

[6] Information Technology Act, 2000, § 67, (India)

[7] Budhaditya Ghosh, Bois Locker Room: Cybercrime and Juvenile, LEX INSIDER, May, 2020

[8] A’ bad boy 1st juvenile cyber crime convict, Mumbai Mirror, April, 2009

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