INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - DR. M. VIDHYALAKSHMI

Authors: DR. M. VIDHYALAKSHMI

Registration ID: 105852 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5852

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: munuvidhu2008@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-63898195/COPYRIGHT PROTECTION

ANALYSIS OF LEGAL AID WITH RESPECT TO INDIAN BY - NAVDEEP KOUR & MAHAPARA ALI

Authors: NAVDEEP KOUR & MAHAPARA ALI

Registration ID: 105850 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5850 & IJLRA5851

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: navdeepkour.law@gmail.com & mahaparaali13@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-69654792/ANALYSIS OF LEGAL

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE: A NUANCE BY - NIVEDITA SINGH AND ARYAN SINGH

Authors: NIVEDITA SINGH & ARYAN SINGH

Registration ID: 105848 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5848 & IJLRA5849

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: niveditasingh@gmail.com & m2023cj005@stud.tiss.edu

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-38422216/UNIFORM CIVIL CODE

“DECODING THE LAW: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO THE ART OF LITERAL INTERPRETATION” BY - DIVITA VASHISHT

Authors: DIVITA VASHISHT

Registration ID: 105847 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5847

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: vashishtdivita@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-53128868/DECODING THE LAW

NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - MEGHA PHADKAY

Authors: MEGHA PHADKAY

Registration ID: 105846 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5846

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: meghaphadkay1@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-16473944/NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS

ORGANIZED CRIME AND ILLICIT ECONOMIES IN A WORLD ORDER: MORE COMPLICATED AND DEEPER THAN YOU THINK BY - DR. S. KRISHNAN

Authors: DR. S. KRISHNAN

Registration ID: 105845 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5845

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: s.krishnan22@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-29785782/ORGANIZED CRIME

CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ON PATENTING OF LIFE FORMS : - ARNAV SHARMA

Authors: ARNAV SHARMA

Registration ID: 105844 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5844

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: Arnavsharma.law@gmail.com

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Doi Link https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-86389299/CONCEPTUAL ISSUES

CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF TEST IDENTIFICATION PARADE IN THE NATION USE BY - YASHVI GOYAL

Authors: YASHVI GOYAL

Registration ID: 105843 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5843

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: yashvigoyal1024@gmail.com

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Doi Link https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-67142361/CRITICAL EXAMINATION

BRADLEY. AMERICAN SMELTING& 104 WN.2D 677, 709 P.2D 782, 23 ERC (BNA) 1851, 16 ELR 20346; REF. CO. (WASH.NOV. 14, 1985) BY - ARNAV JINDAL

Authors: ARNAV JINDAL

Registration ID: 105842 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5842

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: arnavjindal77@gmail.com

Page No :12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link

THE IMPACT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON COMPETITION LAW BY - HANAH VARGHESE

Authors: SHANAH VARGHESE

Registration ID: 105841 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5841

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: hanah.varghese@gmail.com

Page No :14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

[2] R.C.Cooper v. Union of India, (1970) 1 SCC 248.

[3] Prabuddha Ganguli, “Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy”, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd., 1^st edn, 2001, pp.30-32.

[4] Dr.Fareed ahmad Rafiqi, “Copyright Protection- An Indian Perspective”, Law Publishers (India) Pvt. Ltd., 1st edn, 2013, p.3.

[5] In the passing off case of Leather Cloth Co. Ltd. v. American Leather Cloth, 1861 L147.

[6] WIPO is one of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nation system. WIPO located in Geneva, Switzerland, was created in 1967 and is responsible for promoting the protection of Intellectual property throughout the world. It fulfills this responsibility by promoting cooperation among nations in intellectual property matters administering various unions and other treat organizations founded on multilateral treaties and creating modern laws for adoption by developing nations.

[7] Hohfled, W.N., “Fundamental legal conceptions as applied in Judicial Reasoning”, Lord of Hampstead, 4^th edn. 1979, pp.260-266.

[8] Pankaj Jain and Pande Sangeet Rai, “Copyright and Trademark Laws”, Manav Law House, 1^st edn. 2005, pp. 5-7.

[9] V.T Thomas v. Malaya Manorama, AIR 1988 Ker 291.

[11] Tata Consultancy Services v. State of Andhra Pradesh, 271 ITR 401 (2004)

[12] Satsang v. Kiron C. Mukhopadhya, AIR 1972 Cal 533 at p.537.

[13] a. In the case of literary, dramatic or musical work not being a counter program-

i. To reproduce the work in a material form including the storing of it in an medium by electronic means,

ii. To issue copies of the wok to the public not being copies already in circulation,

iii. To perform the work in public or communicate it to the public,

iv. To make an cinematographic film or sound recording in respect of the work,

v. To make any translation of the work,

vi. To make an adaption of the work,

a. In the case of the computer program-

a. To do any of the acts specified in clause a,

b. To sell or give on hire, or offer for sale or hire any of the computer program, regardless of whether such copy has been sold or given on hire on earlier occasions.

[14] Section 14 of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957.

[15] Reproduction right, Right to issue in public, Public performance or public communication right, Right to make a cinematographic film or sound recording’, Translation right, Adaptation right, Right to do in relation to a translation or an adaptation of the work of any of the acts specified above and, Right to sell or give on hire, or offer for sale or hire any copy of the computer program.

[16] Internet access provider refers to a consortium that provides high speed access to the internet to business, universities, non-profit organizations and individuals. Most ISPs offer a range of connection option, ranging from dial-up modem connection to high speed ISDN and ADSL. It also provides email, Use-net and web hosting facilities. Bran Pfaffenberger, Webster’s New World, Computer Dictionary, 9^th edn. (2004) at 203.

[17] The existence of copyright in non-literal element has been decided in affirmative in relation to other category of works, the fact of the dispute related to the violation of the copyright in the play staged by the appellants by the screening of the cinematographic film based on the same theme.

[19] Erven Warnink Besloten Vennootschap v. J.Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd, (1979) AC 731.

[20] Corby Ltd v. Wards Mobility Services Ltd, (1991) FSR 169.

[21] Dechem Ltd. v. Cadbury (India) Ltd., 2000, 5 SCC 573.

[23] Section 52(1): 1. Doing of any act necessary to obtain information essential for operating interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs by a lawful possessor of a computer program provided that such information is not otherwise readily available,

2.The observation, study or test of functioning of the computer program in order to determine the ideas and principles which underline an elements of the program while programming such acts performing for the functions for which computer programs was supplied,

3. The making of copies or adaptation of the computer program from a personal legally obtained copy for non-commercial personal use.

[24] The term Internet Service Provider has been defined under section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 as: “Network Service Provider” means an intermediary. An intermediary is denied with respect to a particular electronic message a person who on behalf of another person receives stores or transmits that message or provides any service with respect to that message.

[26] See for US formulation: “http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Digital Millennium Copyright Act.”, last visited on 23.11.2022.

[27] http://www.proind.in/blog/legal-protection-for-computer-software-in-india/ last visited on 28.11.22

[29] Indira Carr, India joins the Cyber-race: Information Technology Act, 2000(2000) Int. T.L.R. 122 at p.123.

[3] Speaking through the Legal Aid Committee formed in 1971 by the State of Gujarat on legal aid with its Chairman, Mr. P.N Bhagwati along with its members, Mr. J.M Thakore, A.G, Mr. VV Mehta, Deputy Speaker Gujarat VidhanSabha, Mr. Madhav Sinh F. Solanki, M.L.A ,Mr. Girish Bhai. His Lordship answered to the questions of inequality in the administration of justice between the rich and the poor.

[4] Inaugural address at the 2nd State Lawyers’ Conference Andhra Pradesh at Raj Murthy, (1976) 2. Sec.'1,4.

[5]http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/NALSARLawRw/2013/13.pdf

[6] Article 14 and 22(1) of the Indian Constitution

[7] (SALMOND on Jurisprudence, By P.J Fizgerald, I21h Edition 1966, Sweet & Maxwell, London PP 62).

[8]https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/156247/6/06_chapter%202.pdf

[9] N.R. Madhava Menon, legal aid and justice for the poor Chapter XII Page 376, in Law and poverty, Critical essays edited by Dr. UpendraBaxi, 1988

[10] Dias, Jurisprudence, 5lh edition, Butterworth, London PP.

[11] Berman and Loeb: Law and Men, 1970 edition, Page 55.

[12]Moharana, S.D., Dimension of Legal Aid in 21st Century, Indian Bar Review, Vol. XXXVII (3& 4) 2010.

[13]Sarfaraz Ahmed Khan., Lok Adalat: An Effective Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism, Published by APH, New Delhi, 2006, p. 14.

[14]Basu, Durga Das. , Constitutional Law of India, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1991, p.1

[19]HussainaraKhatoon v State of Bihar AIR 1981 SC 262

[20]Sukh Das v Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh AIR 1986 SC 991

[21] Order 33, Rule 9A, Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

[22] M.H Hoskot v State of Maharashtra (1978) 3 SCC 81

[23] Section 304(1) of Code of Criminal Procedure and order 33, Rule 17 of Code of Civil Procedure

[24] Sec 12 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

[25] Sec 2(1) (a) of the Legal Service Authorities Act,1987

[26] Sec 2(1) (c) of the Legal Service Authorities Act, 1987

[27] Articles 38, 39 and 46 of the Constitution of India.

[28]Valsamma Paul v. Cochin University AIR 1996 SC 1011

[29] Available at http://nalsa.gov.in in 1960 some guidelines were drawn on legal aid schemes, the 14th Report of the Law Commission reverberated this concept, and Krishna Iyer Committee and Bhagavati Committee formulated a workable and practical scheme for legal aid in 1973 in 1977 respectively.

[1] Corp of the City of Victoria v Bishop of Vancouver Island, AIR 1921 PC 240

G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 65, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[2] G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 90-91, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[4] Cutter v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd (1998) 4 ALL ER 417.,

G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 102, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[5] G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 90, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[6] Jones v Tower Boot Co Ltd. (1997) 2 ALL ER 406;

G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 90, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[11] Course Manual – week 6 -(1977) 2 SCC 246

[13] Course Manual- week 6- (1979) 1 SCC 361

[16] David Mellinkoff, “The Language of Law,” Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1983.

[17] Himani Singh, American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Language of law- Ambiguities and Interpretation, 2(2), 2013, pp. 2.

[20] Interstate Commerce Commission v. Allen E. Kroblin, Inc113 F. Supp. 599 (1953)

[23] JGLS Course Manual – Week 7- AIR 1962 SC 1044

[27] G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 119, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[28] G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 96, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[29] G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 97, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[30] G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 100, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[32] AIR 2004 SC 5080, G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 98, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[33] G. P Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, pp 100-101, 14^th ed, (LexisNexis Publications 2022)

[34] G.P Singh, ‘Principles of Statutory Interpretation’,pp.144, 12th Edn.,(LexisNexis Publications, 2018)

[36] JGLS Course manual- week 6- AIR 1957 SC 628

[1] Section 2(1) (j); Patents Act: “inventive step means a feature of an invention that involves technical advance as compared to the existing knowledge or having economic significance or both and that makes the invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art.

[11] 3(j) of patents act 1970 a plant animal seeds and biological process apart from microorganisms are not patentable This section empowers the patentability of microorganism this was recognised after the amendment of 2002.

[1] Bradley v American Smelting & Refining Co Ltd [1985] Wash SC 112, [1986] 2 WLR 1066

[3] 1^st year BBA LLB Student of Indian Institute of Management, Rohtak

[1] Chinmaya Goyal, Jincy Francis, Navneeraj Sharma, Natasha Nayak and Sakshi Gupta, Discussion paper on blockchain technology and competition, Ernst and Young and Competition Commission of India, April 2021

[2] WORLD ECON. FORUM, TECHNOLOGY TIPPING POINTS AND SOCIETAL IMPACT, SURVEY REPORT 24 (Sept. 2015)

[3] OECD Competition Division, Blockchain and Competition Policy, OECD (June 2018)

[4] Sebastien Meunier, Blockchain 101: What is Blockchain and how does this revolutionary technology work? Transforming Climate Finance and Green Investment with Blockchains, Academic Press, 2018, Pages 23-34,

[6] Lin William Cong and Zhiguo He, Blockchain disruption and smart contracts, NBER Working Paper No. w24399, 2018

[7] Lucas Waldem Zanforlini, Blockchain and competition law, Threats and opportunities of the new disruptive technology, Master’s thesis in European and International Trade law, Lund University: School of Economics and Management, Spring 2021.

[8] SATOSHI NAKAMOTO, BITCOIN: A PEER-TO-PEER ELECTRONIC CASH SYSTEM (2008), https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf [https://perma.cc/TGE8-H4DQ].

[10] Sebastien Meunier, Blockchain 101: What is Blockchain and how does this revolutionary technology work?

[11] Marcella Atzori, Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary? 6 J. GOVERNANCE & REGULATION 45 (2017)

[12] Giovanna Massarotto, From Digital to Blockchain Markets: What Role for Antitrust and Regulation (January 26, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3323420 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3323420

[14] OECD, Algorithms and Collusion: Competition Policy in the Digital Age, 2017

[15] Massimo Motta, Competition Policy, Theory, and Practise, Cambridge University Press, 05^th August, 2015

[16] Libby Rittenberg and Tim Tregarthen, Economic Principles v.1.1,

[18] Monsanto v. Spray-Rite Serv. Corp., 465 U.S. 752, 768 (1984).

[19] Builders Association of India v. Cement Association of India and Ors., Case No. 29 of 2010

[21] Dr. Thibault Schrepel, COLLUSION BY BLOCKCHAIN AND SMART CONTRACTS, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Volume 33, Number 1 Fall 2019

[22] Cartelisation in Industrial and Automotive Bearings, Suo Motu Case No. 05 of 2017

[24] Guidelines on the Applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to Horizontal Co-operation Agreements, ¶ 92, COM (2011) C 11/1 (Jan. 14, 2011).

[25] Pedro Gonzaga and Ania Thiemann, Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy To The Digital Era, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, DAF/COMP(2016)14 (27 October, 2016)

[26] Deepa N, Quoc-Viet Pham, Dinh C. Nguyen, Sweta Bhattacharya, B. Prabadevi, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta, Fang Fang, Pubudu N. Pathirana, A Survey on Blockchain for Big Data: Approaches, Opportunities, and Future Directions, arXiv:2009.00858v2 [cs.CR] 5 Feb 2021

[28]Dr. Thibault Schrepel, Is Blockchain the Death of Antitrust Law? The Blockchain Antitrust Paradox, Georgetown Law Technology Review, 3 GEO. L. TECH. REV. 281 (2019)

[29] Dylan Yaga et al, ‘Blockchain Technology Overview, ‘ NIST Interagency/ Internal Report 8202 (2018): 44

[30] Proof of stake means that the creator of a new block is defined in a deterministic way, for example depending of its wealth (the so-called stake) IBM, BLOCKCHAIN FOR DUMMIES 16 (John Wiley & Sons, 2 ed. 2018).

[31] K. S Puttaswamy v. Union of India, WP (C) 494/2012

[32] Leonor Bentes de Oliveira Costa, Mergers and Acquisitions: The Facebook and WhatsApp Case, April 2018.

[33] Maurice E. Stucke, The Relationship between Privacy and Antitrust, Notre Dame Law Review, June 2022

[35] Pritesh Shah, Daniel Forester et al, Blockchain Technology: Data Privacy Issues and Potential Migration Strategies, Thomson Reuters, 2019.

[36]Fifty third report, Anti-Competitive Practices by Big Tech Companies, Standing Committee on Finance, December 2022.

[37] EX-Ante Regulation- Should India Sprint or Thread with Caution? AZB Partners, 28^th April, 2023. Available at https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/ex-ante-regulation-should-india-sprint-or-tread-with-caution/

[38] Naval Chopra and Yaman Verma et al, Does India require ex- ante competition regulation in digital markets?,Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas, 3^rd April, 2023. Available at https://www.amsshardul.com/insight/does-india-require-ex-ante-competition-regulation-in-digital-markets/

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - DR. M. VIDHYALAKSHMI

ANALYSIS OF LEGAL AID WITH RESPECT TO INDIAN BY - NAVDEEP KOUR & MAHAPARA ALI

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE: A NUANCE BY - NIVEDITA SINGH AND ARYAN SINGH

“DECODING THE LAW: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO THE ART OF LITERAL INTERPRETATION” BY - DIVITA VASHISHT

NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - MEGHA PHADKAY

ORGANIZED CRIME AND ILLICIT ECONOMIES IN A WORLD ORDER: MORE COMPLICATED AND DEEPER THAN YOU THINK BY - DR. S. KRISHNAN

CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ON PATENTING OF LIFE FORMS : - ARNAV SHARMA

CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF TEST IDENTIFICATION PARADE IN THE NATION USE BY - YASHVI GOYAL

BRADLEY. AMERICAN SMELTING& 104 WN.2D 677, 709 P.2D 782, 23 ERC (BNA) 1851, 16 ELR 20346; REF. CO. (WASH.NOV. 14, 1985) BY - ARNAV JINDAL

THE IMPACT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON COMPETITION LAW BY - HANAH VARGHESE

LAW JOURNAL

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