INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

FREEDOM OF PRESS AND RIGHTS OF ACCUSED IN MEDIA TRIAL: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF USA, UK AND INDIA BY - SRISHTI RAJPOOT

Authors: SRISHTI RAJPOOT

Registration ID: 105828 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5828

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: srishtirajput23@gmail.com

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY BY - HIMANSHU

Authors: HIMANSHU

Registration ID: 105827 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5827

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: HIMANSHU.SHARMA9519@GMAIL.COM

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LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: IMPLICATIONS OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE BY - YASH CHOUGALE

Authors: YASH CHOUGALE

Registration ID: 105826 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5826

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: yashchougale4@gmail.com

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“AN ANALYSIS OF PLEA-BARGAINING MECHANISM”: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN USA AND INDIA BY - DEVINDER SINGH ANAND & JYOTI MANGAL

Authors: DEVINDER SINGH ANAND & JYOTI MANGAL

Registration ID: 105824 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5824 & IJLRA5825

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: Devinderanand1988@gmail.com & Jyoti20121990@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2023-96545498/AN ANALYSIS

SAUDI WAR AND IRAN PROPAGANDA AMIDST YEMENI CRY FOR HUMANITARIAN LAW BY - KARTIK SRIVASTAVA

Authors: KARTIK SRIVASTAVA

Registration ID:105823 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5823

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: srivastavakartik48@gmail.com

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THE ROLE OF INTERPRETATION IN SOCIAL CHANGE: DECRIMINALISATION OF SECTION 377 IPC BY - VIDHI SANTOSH RANE

Authors: VIDHI SANTOSH RANE

Registration ID: 105822 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5822

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: vidhi8870@gmail.com

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ARTICLE 103, UN CHARTER: ITS MANDATE AND OPERATION BY: VIDHI SANTOSH RANE

Authors: VIDHI SANTOSH RANE

Registration ID: 105821 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5821

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: vidhi8870@gmail.com

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RIGHT AND REALITY BEHIND THE BAR: A LEGAL ANALYSIS BY - VRINDA JOSHI & PRAYAG SANGWAN

Authors: VRINDA JOSHI & PRAYAG SANGWAN

Registration ID: 105819 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5819 & IJLRA5820

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: vrinda.joshi@law.christuniversity.in & prayag.sangwan@law.christuniversity.in

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“ANALYSIS OF THE INTRICATE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SACROSANCT REALM OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ESTEEMED DOMAIN OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS” BY - BAHITRA BASU & SHRI DHARSHAN R.V

Authors: BAHITRA BASU & SHRI DHARSHAN R.V

Registration ID: 105817 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5817 & IJLRA5818

Year : July -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: basubahitra@gmail.com & venkateshdharshan3839@gmail.com

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DILEMMA OF OWNERSHIP OVER AI GENERATED ARTWORKS: AN IP OVERVIEW BY – ATUL BHATT, TUSHMI UDYALAK & SUHASINI

Authors: ATUL BHATT, TUSHMI UDYALAK & SUHASINI

Registration ID: 105814 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5814, IJLRA5815 & IJLRA5816

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: manasvitaprasad@gmail.com & priyanshu2219raj@gmail.com

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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

^[1] Indian Express Newspaper v Union of India, 1986 AIR 515

^[4] Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010)

^[6] Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 124.

^[7] Bennett Coleman & Co. v. Union of India, (1972) 2 SCC 788

^[8] Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India, (1985) 1 SCC 641

^[9] Sahara India Real Estate Corporation Ltd. v. SEBI, (2012) 10 SCC 603

[1] 1 UNICEF (2000), Domestic Violence against Women and Girls, Innnocenti Digest N0. 6, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest6e.pdf (Visited on 15 March, 2019).

[2] Narwadkar, Dr. Pooja P., Law Relating to Domestic Violence in India

[3] http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/violence ( Visited on 19 March, 2019).

[4] 4 World report on violence and health, World Health Organization, 2002.

[5] Jaising Indira, law of Domestic Violence, 9-10, (Universal Law Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, 2001).

[6] Jaising Indira, law of Domestic Violence, 9-10, (Universal Law Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, 2001)

[7] Newton C. J. “Domestic Violence: An Overview” FindCounseling.com, Mental Health Journal. February

[8] Dr. Mrs. Annie John, Violence Against Women Need To Awaken The Conscience Of Humanity, 55 (Asia Law House, 2013).

[9] 3 UNICEF (2000), Domestic Violence against Women and Girls, Innnocenti Digest N0. 6, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest6e.pdf (Visited on 22 March, 2019).

[10] The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

[11] Nagpal, Vijay and Singh, K. P., The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 - A Critique, CBI Bulletin, Jan-March, 12 (2007)

[1] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2018.0087

[2] https://www.ijlmh.com |2018 IJLMH | Volume 1, Issue 2 | ISSN: 2581-5369

[4] Eastern Book Company v D.B. Modak, 2008 1 SCC 1.

[5] Cowls J, Floridi L. 2018 Prolegomena to a White Paper on an Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society. Working Paper Series. See https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=3198732.

[6] Frank H. Easterbrook, Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse, 1996 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 207, 208 (1996) (“Develop a sound law of intellectual property, then apply it to computer networks.”)

[7] Microsoft, THE FUTURE COMPUTED: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIETY 28 (2018) https://blogs.microsoft.com/uploads/2018/02/The-Future-Computed_2.8.18.pdf.

[8] David Kelnar, The Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Primer on Artificial Intelligence, MEDIUM (Dec. 2, 2016), https://medium.com/mmc-writes/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-a-primer-on-artificial-intelligence-

aiff5e7fffcae1 (“All machine learning is AI, but not all AI is machine learning.”). There are more than 15 approaches to machine learning, each of which uses a different algorithmic structure to optimize predictions based on the data received. Id. For a more nuanced description of machine learning, see Ben Buchanan and Taylor Miller, Machine Learning for Policymakers, Belfer Center (June 2017)

https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/MachineLearningforPolicymakers.pdf.

[9] See BULK COLLECTION: SYSTEMATIC GOVERNMENT ACCESS TO PRIVATE SECTOR DATA (Fred H. Cate & James X. Dempsey, eds., Oxford 2017).

[10] Tathagata Chakraborti et al., The Emerging Landscape of Explainable AI Planning and Decision Making (02/26/2020), https://deepai.org/publication/the-emerging-landscape-of-explainable-ai-planning-anddecision- making.

[11] William D. Eggers et al., AI-Augmented Government: Using Cognitive Technologies to Redesign Public Sector Work, DELOITTE INSIGHTS (Apr. 26, 2017), https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/cognitive-

technologies/artificial-intelligencegovernment.html [https://perma.cc/4VLZ-8485].

[12] Kate Crawford and Trevor Paglen, Excavating AI: The Politics of Training Sets for Machine Learning (Sept. 19, 2019) https://excavating.ai. See Will Knight, AI Is Biased: Here’s How Scientists Are Trying to Fix It, WIRED(Dec. 19, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/ai-biased-how-scientists-trying-fix.

[13] See, e.g., Peter Swire, The Golden Age of Surveillance, SLATE (July 15, 2015),

http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/07/encryption_back_doors_aren_t_necessary_ we_re_already_in_a_golden_age_of.html

[14] See Quinn Emanuel Trial Lawyers, Artificial Intelligence Litigation: Can the Law Keep Pace with the Rise of the Machines (2018), https://www.quinnemanuel.com/the-firm/publications/article-december-2016- artificial-

intelligence-litigation-can-the-law-keep-pace-with-the-rise-of-the-machines/\

[15] Matthew U. Scherer, Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies, 29 HARV. J. LAW & TECH. 353 (2016).

[16] See Report to the European Parliament, with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, from the Committee on Legal Affairs, Mady Delvaux, Rapporteur (Jan. 1, 2017)

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A8-2017-

0005+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN. For more on the current EU landscape around liability and ethics of AI, see Nathalie Nevejans, European Civil Law Rules in Robotics (Oct. 2016), published by the Directorate-General for Internal Policies, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/571379/IPOL_STU(2016)571379_EN.pdf.

[17] Michael Kushner, To Pay or Not to Pay: Free Legal Services at the Push of a Button, JETLAW (Oct. 15, 2018), http://www.jetlaw.org/2018/10/15/to-pay-or-not-to-pay-free-legal-services-at-the-pushof-a-button/[https://perma.cc/AG94-YR2A].

[18] See generally Omer Tene & Jules Polonetsky, Taming the Golem: Challenges of Ethical Algorithmic Decision- Making, 19 N.C. J. L. & TECH. 125 (2017).

[19] Nick Wallace & Dan Castro, The Impact of the EU’s New Data Protection Regulation on AI, INFORMATION TECH. & INNOVATION FOUNDATION (Mar. 26, 2018), https://itif.org/publications/2018/03/26/impact-eu- newdata-protection-regulation-ai.

[20] Richardson, Schultz and Southerland, Litigating Algorithms 2019 US Report: New Challenges to Government Use of Algorithmic Decision Systems (AI Now Institute, Sept. 2019)

https://ainowinstitute.org/litigatingalgorithms-2019-us.pdf

[21] See generally DANIELLE KEHL ET AL., ALGORITHMS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: ASSESSING THE USE

OF RISK ASSESSMENTS IN SENTENCING (2017), https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33746041/2017- 07_responsivecommunities_2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [https://perma.cc/U6UC-8MCL] (analyzing and applying trends to the recent use of artificial intelligence in the courtroom).

[22] See Jonathan Howard, A Big Data Cheat Sheet: From Narrow AI to General AI, MEDIUM (May 23, 2017), https://blog.statsbot.co/3-types-of-artificial-intelligence-4fb7df20fdd8.

[23] Ian R. Kerr, Ensuring the Success of Contract Formation in Agent-Mediated Electronic Commerce, 1 ELEC. COMMERCE RESEARCH 183 (2001).

[25] See Peter Voss, From Narrow to General AI, MEDIUM (Oct. 3, 2017),

https://medium.com/intuitionmachine/from-narrow-to-general-ai-e21b568155b9.

[26] Ben Dickson, What is Narrow, General, and Super Artificial Intelligence, TECHTALKS (May 12, 2017)

https://bdtechtalks.com/2017/05/12/what-is-narrow-general-and-super-artificial-intelligence/ (“Narrow AI is the only form of Artificial Intelligence that humanity has achieved so far.”)

[27] McKinsey Global Institute, Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation (December 2017).

[28] See Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D. on steps toward a new, tailored review framework for artificial intelligence-based medical devices (April 2, 2019)

https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm635083.htm.

[29] In February 2019,the AMA Journal of Ethics devoted its entire issue to AI. https://journalofethics.amaassn.org/issue/artificial-intelligence-health-care.

[30] https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare- applications-and-legal-implications/66690368

[31] FDA, Proposed Regulatory Framework for Modifications to Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML)-

Based Software as a Medical Device: Discussion Paper and Request for Feedback

https://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DigitalHealth/SoftwareasaMedicalDevice/UCM635052.pd

[32] Paul Triolo, Elsa Kania, & Graham Webster, Chinese Government Outlines AI Ambitions Through 2020, NEW AM. (Jan. 26, 2018), https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/translationchinese- government-outlines-ai-ambitions-through-2020/.

[33] Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning, https://www.fatml.org/.

[34] Elizabeth E. Joh, Artificial Intelligence and Policing: First Questions, 41 SEATTLE UNIV. L. REV. 1139 (2018), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3168779. See also Christopher Rigano, Using Artificial Intelligence to Address

Criminal Justice Needs, National Institute of Justice (Oct. 8, 2018) (discussing NIJ support for AI research infour areas: video and image analysis, DNA analysis, gunshot detection, and crime forecasting)

https://www.nij.gov/journals/280/Pages/using-artificial-intelligence-to-address-criminal-justice-needs.aspx

[35] Jessica Cussins Newman, DECISION POINTS IN AI GOVERNANCE (May 2020) https://cltc.berkeley.edu/wp- content/uploads/2020/05/Decision_Points_AI_Governance.pdf

[36] David Gunning, Explainable Artificial Intelligence, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, https://www.darpa.mil/program/explainable-artificial-intelligence.

[37] See Karen Yeung, Andrew Howes, and Ganna Pogrebna, AI Governance by Human Rights-Centered Design, Deliberation and Oversight: An End to Ethics Washing (June 21, 2019), in M. Dubber and F. Pasquale (eds.) THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF AI ETHICS (2019) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3435011; Karen Hao, In 2020, let’s stop AI ethicswashing and actually do something, TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (Dec. 27, 2019)

[38] See Jeffrey K. Gurney, Crashing Into The Unknown: An Examination Of Crash-Optimization Algorithms Through The Two Lanes Of Ethics And Law, 79 ALB. L. REV. 183, 242 (2016).

[39] Section 43A provides for the protection of sensitive personal data or information (‘SPDI’) and section 72A protects personal information from unlawful disclosure in breach of contract

[40] ⁴⁰ See Preamble of Information Technology Act 2000; Today India has jumped to 10th position in the cyber security index released by ITU due to its stringent measures on privacy protection policy. But still, India is

grappling to bring robust data protection law. As in 2019 it has tabled data protection bill in parliament to deal with the issue of data privacy issues put forwarded by AI and other applications. To cover the risk attached to data protection vulnerability, on the recommendation of Sri Krishna Committee Report which has highlighted fair use of data principle in digital economy . Thus, above-mentioned law is primarily operating to take care of digital governance and privacy-related issues on an online platform which also takes into account the issues of AI

[41] Notification dated, the 25th February 2021 G.S.R. 139(E): the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021

[1] Gill Simran, “Concept of Plea Bargaining under Criminal Procedure Code”, Legal Service India, April 2022, available at https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-3857-concept-of-plea-bargaining-under-criminal-procedure-code.html (last accessed at 21st May 2023 at 06:18 pm)

[5] Neeraj Arora, Plea Bargaining- A New Development in the Criminal Justice System, Posted on December 18, 2010, available at https://www.legallyindia.com/views/entry/plea-bargaining-a-new-development-in-the-criminal-justice-system-html (last visited on 25th February 2023)

[6] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-A.

[7] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-A.

[8] Notification of Ministry of Law and Justice, No. S01042 (I), issued on July 11, 2006.

[9] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-L.

[10] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-B.

[11] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-C.

[12] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-D.

[13] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-E.

[14] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-I.

[15] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-G.

[16] The Criminal Law (Amendment), 2006 (Act 2 of 2006), Sec 265-A.

[17] State of Gujarat v. Natwar Harchanji Thakor, (2005) 1 GLR 709.

[18] Crl. MA No. 9856/1007 & Bail Appl. 1298/2007.

[19] J. E. Ross, “The entrenched position of Plea Bargaining in Unit.ed States legal practice”, 54 A.M. J COMP. L.717, 717 (2006).

[20] Vishwanath, A. (2016) Why Hasn’t Plea Bargaining Taken off in India? MINT. available at https://www.livemint.com/Politics/otm5XvV7DTZJ9KaKScbJ4H/Why-hasnt-plea-bargaining-taken-off-in-India.html (last visited on 23 February 2023).

^{^[1]} ‘Yemen “worst humanitarian crisis in the world”: EU’, Al Jazeera News, 5 August 2018; United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR), Yemen: an ‘entirely man-made catastrophe’—UN human rights report urges international investigation, media release, United Nations, 5 September 2017.

^{^[2]} ‘Saudi-led coalition sends thousands of troops towards Hodeidah’, al-Jazeera, 31 October 2018.

^{^[3]} Yemen: averting a destructive battle for Hodeida, International Crisis Group, 11 June 2018.

^{^[4]} S Oakford, ‘Saudi Arabia kills civilians, the U.S. looks the other way’, The New York Times, 19 August 2016.

^{^[5]} A Eshaq, A Fothan, E Jensen, T Khan and A Al Amodi, ‘Malnutrition in Yemen: an invisible crisis’, The Lancet, 389, 7 January 2017, pp. 31–32.

^{^[6]} I Craig, ‘Bombed into famine: how Saudi air campaign targets Yemen’s food supplies’, The Guardian, 12 December 2017.

^{^[7]} H Al-Mekhlafi, ‘Yemen in a time of cholera: current situation and challenges’, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene, 98(6), 2018, p. 1558.

^{^[8]} T Juneau, ‘Iran’s policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: a limited return on a modest investment’, International Affairs, 92(3), 2016, p. 651.

^{^[9]} A Barker, ‘Yemen cholera cases hit 1 million in “hideous milestone” for worst outbreak on record’, ABC News online,
22 December 2017.

^{^[10]} A Barker, ‘Yemen cholera cases hit 1 million in “hideous milestone” for worst outbreak on record’, ABC News online,
22 December 2017.

^{^[11]} M Reardon, ‘Saudi Arabia, Iran and the “Great Game” in Yemen’, al-Jazeera, 26 March 2015

^[1] Article 377- Indian Kanoon. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1836974/

^[2] Journal of the Indian Law Institute - JSTOR. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950868

^[3]Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1

^[4] Suresh Kumar Koushal and Anr. v. Naz Foundation and Ors., (2014) 1 SCC 1

^[5] Reference- The quality of mercy, strained: Compassion, empathy and other ... (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/8E21EC86-94D8-436A-8EBE-3BE1A56D261C.pdf

^[6] Angels, Bhardwaj, A., Pattnaik, P., & Shamsuddin. (2019, March 16). Suresh Kumar Kaushal vs. Naz Foundation: A critical analysis. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/suresh-kumar-koushal-vs-naz-foundation-critical-analysis/

^[9] Malpas, J. (2022, August 22). Hans-Georg Gadamer. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gadamer/

^[10] Able to identify as Comparative Constitutional analysis through Choudhry, S. (2010, June 14). Globalization in search of justification: Toward a theory of comparative constitutional interpretation. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1624070

^[11]The analysis of the judgement was done through the official documents of the case andLearning from Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation through Introspection, Inclusion, and Intersectionality: Suggestions from within Indian Queer Justice Movements. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome

^[12] Galanter, M., & Ram, V. (n.d.). Suo motu intervention and the Indian Judiciary (Chapter 4) - A qualified hope. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/qualified-hope/suo-motu-intervention-and-the-indian-judiciary/F1B7C8F9D4293703D56B061560C630D0

^[14] Saxena, N. (2013, December 15). Demystifying the naz verdict: Where did the courts go wrong? Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://lawlex.org/lex-pedia/demystifying-the-naz-verdict-where-did-the-courts-go-wrong/8833

^[15] Analysis of the judgement was made through the official case documents and Koushal v. Naz Foundation. (2021, July 06). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/koushal-v-naz-foundation/

^[16] Maxwell, P., & Langan, P. (1969, January 01). Maxwell on the interpretation of statutes. /: Sir Peter Benson Maxwell. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/57688

^[17] Importance of Statutorty Interpretation was skulled out through a joint reading of various articles in the course manual including Statutory interpretation as practical reasoning - Yale university. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/3829/

^[18] Reference- Saxena, N. (2013, December 15). Demystifying the naz verdict: Where did the courts go wrong? Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://lawlex.org/lex-pedia/demystifying-the-naz-verdict-where-did-the-courts-go-wrong/8833

^[19] Analysis of the judgement was made through the official case documents and Koushal v. Naz Foundation. (2021, July 06). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/koushal-v-naz-foundation /

^[20] Content by author. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/author/rishika-sahgal/

^[21] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India - International Journal of Law ... (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.ijlmh.com/paper/navtej-singh-johar-v-union-of-india/

^[25] Choudhry, S. (2010, June 14). Globalization in search of justification: Toward a theory of comparative constitutional interpretation. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1624070

^[26] The entire judgement analysis is done through looking at the official case documents and from Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India. (2018, November 27). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/navtej-singh-johar-v-union-india/ and Ambade, A. (2020, July 23). Case summary: Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India Thr. secretary ministry of law and justice. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://lawlex.org/lex-bulletin/case-summary-navtej-singh-johar-v-union-of-india-thr-secretary-ministry-of-law-and-justice/25100

^[28] Wendell Phillips quote. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.azquotes.com/quote/1237224?ref=statutes

^[29] Justice Indu Malhotra in Navtej Singh Johar vs. UOI

^[31] Morrison, A. (2012, October 06). The law is a fractal: The attempt to anticipate everything. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2157804

^{^[1]} “The United Nations Charter- Article 103” (United Nations) accessed October 10, 2022

^[2] Fassbender B, “The United Nations Charter as the Constitution of the International Community” (BrillApril 7, 2009) accessed October 10, 2022

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